Microbial resistance to drug therapy: A review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Amity Center for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (ACNN), Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India;2. Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan;3. School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia;4. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;1. University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Istanbul Medipol University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey;3. University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, İstanbul, Turkey;4. Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey;5. Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Fundamental and Industrial Microbiology Division, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey;6. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Thessaloniki, Greece;7. Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India;1. Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India;1. School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Aldermoor Close, Southampton, SO16 5ST, United Kingdom;2. Emeritus Professor of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Integrated Health, School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, United Kingdom;3. Centre for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China;1. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;2. Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;1. Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;2. Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;3. Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Microbial resistance to the antimicrobials in standard use is becoming more prevalent. A historical perspective frames further discussion. Bacterial resistance is most common, but resistance has been identified in fungi, viruses, and parasites. Resistance is a complex phenomenon that involves the microorganism, the environment, and the patient—separately and interactively. Resistance may be a characteristic of the microbe before exposure to a given drug or may arise as a consequence of therapy. Mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics are discussed. Antibiotic resistance is considered in both hospital and community settings, as ecosystems that are separate yet blending, and the major organisms demonstrating significant resistance problems are presented. A review of existing guidelines, strategies, and plans for addressing resistance and some recommendations conclude this review. |
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