Neonatal encephalopathy: Etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, 3501 Civic Center Blvd Office 1200.12, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA;2. Biochemical Geneticist, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, 8-39 Medical Sciences Building, 8613 – 144 Street, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada;3. Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta Children''s Hospital, Room B4-286, 28 Oki drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada;4. Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland;5. Children''s Health Ireland at Tallaght and Crumlin & and Coombe Women''s and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland;6. Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Academic Centre, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland;7. George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20010, USA;8. Neonatal Neurology Program, Children''s National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA;9. Neurology, Neonatal Neurology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, Canada;10. Deptartment of Paediatric and Child Health, University College Cork, ARm 2.32, Paediatric Academic Unit, Floor 2, Seahorse Unit, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DCA4, Ireland;11. Division of Child Neurology, Division of Pediatrics- Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford Children’s Health, 750 Welch Road, Suite 317, Palo Alto, CA, 94304 USA;1. Hope for HIE, PO Box 250472, West Bloomfield, MI, 48325, USA;2. Neonatal and Pediatric Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Maine Medical Partners Pediatric Neurology, 55 Spring St, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA;3. Division of Pediatric Neurology, Durham, NC, USA;4. Developmental Medicine, Durham, NC, USA;5. Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC, USA;6. Population Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA;7. Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA;8. Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, DUMC 3936, Durham, NC, USA |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) describes the clinical syndrome of a newborn with abnormal brain function that may result from a variety of etiologies. HIE should be distinguished from neonatal encephalopathy due to other causes using data gathered from the history, physical and neurological exam, and further investigations. Identifying the underlying cause of encephalopathy has important treatment implications. This review outlines conditions that cause NE and may be mistaken for HIE, along with their distinguishing clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations, and treatments. NE due to brain malformations, vascular causes, neuromuscular causes, genetic conditions, neurogenetic disorders and inborn errors of metabolism, central nervous system (CNS) and systemic infections, and toxic/metabolic disturbances are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Neonatal intensive care Hypoxia-ischemia Brain Neonatal encephalopathy Brain diseases Inborn errors of metabolism Central nervous system Vascular malformations Perinatal stroke Neuromuscular disorders |
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