The development of a dynamic,six-axis spine simulator |
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| Authors: | Timothy Patrick Holsgrove Sabina Gheduzzi Harinderjit Singh Gill Anthony W. Miles |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University Oiso Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan;2. The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan;3. The Department of Physical Recreation, School of Physical Education, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan;1. Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7057, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States;2. Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A, Abano Terme, Italy;3. Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States;4. Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States;1. Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy;2. Department of Morphopathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy;3. Thoracic Endoscopy Unit, San-Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Roma, Italy;1. Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE MMC 388, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States;2. Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States;3. School of Statistics, University of Minnesota, 224 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States;4. Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE MMC 388, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Background contextAlthough a great deal of research has been completed to characterize the stiffness of spinal specimens, there remains a limited understanding of the spine in 6 df and there is a lack of data from dynamic testing in six axes.PurposeThis study details the development and validation of a dynamic six-axis spine simulator.Study designBiomechanical study.MethodsA synthetic spinal specimen was used for the purpose of tuning the simulator, completing positional accuracy tests, and measuring frequency response under physiological conditions. The spine simulator was used to complete stiffness matrix tests of an L3–L4 lumbar porcine functional spinal unit. Five testing frequencies were used, ranging from quasistatic (0.00575 Hz) to dynamic (0.5 Hz). Tests were performed without an axial preload and with an axial preload of 500 N.ResultsThe validation tests demonstrated that the simulator is capable of producing accurate positioning under loading at frequencies up to 0.5 Hz using both sine and triangle waveforms. The porcine stiffness matrix tests demonstrated that the stiffness matrix is not symmetrical about the principal stiffness diagonal. It was also shown that while an increase in test frequency generally increased the principal stiffness terms, axial preload had a much greater effect.ConclusionsThe spine simulator is capable of characterizing the dynamic biomechanics of the spine in six axes and provides a means to better understand the complex behavior of the spine under physiological conditions. |
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| Keywords: | Spine biomechanics Dynamic Stiffness Matrix In vitro Porcine |
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