Laboratory Evaluation of the Toxicity of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) on Selenastrum capricornutum , Chlorella vulgaris , Lemna gibba , Daphnia magna , and Daphnia pulicaria |
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| Authors: | T M Boudreau P K Sibley S A Mabury D G C Muir and K R Solomon |
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| Institution: | (1) Centre for Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology, Bovey Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada, CA;(2) Department of Environmental Chemistry, 80 St. George St., University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 5B3 Canada, CA;(3) National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6 Canada, CA |
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| Abstract: | Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an anthropogenic compound found in trace amounts in many environmental compartments far
from areas of production. This, along with the highly persistent nature of PFOS, presents a concern for possible effects in
aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of PFOS in representative freshwater organisms.
Toxicity testing using standard laboratory protocols was performed on the green algae Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris, the floating macrophyte Lemna gibba, and the invertebrates Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulicaria. No observable effect concentration (NOEC) values were generated from the most sensitive endpoints for all organisms. Autotroph
inhibition of growth NOEC values were 5.3, 8.2, and 6.6 mg/L for S. capricornutum, C. vulgaris, and L. gibba, respectively. The 48-h immobility NOEC values for D. magna and D. pulicaria were 0.8 and 13.6 mg/L, respectively. In comparison to immobility, the 21-day lethality NOEC for D. magna was 5.3 mg/L. Based on effect (immobility) values, the most sensitive of all test organisms was D. magna. The most sensitive organism based on 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) was L. gibba, with an IC50 value of 31.1 mg/L determined from wet weight. This is 4.3 times less than the LC50 for D. pulicaria, which was 134 mg/L. Significant adverse effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for all organisms in concentrations >134 mg/L. The results indicate that under laboratory conditions
PFOS is acutely toxic to freshwater organisms at concentrations at or near 100 mg/L. Based on known environmental concentrations
of PFOS, which occur in the low ng/L to low μg/L range, there is no apparent risk to freshwater systems. However, further
work is required to investigate long-term effects in these and other freshwater organisms.
Received: 2 May 2002/Accepted: 29 July 2002 |
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