Trematode infections: liver and lung flukes

Food-borne trematodiases are an emerging public health problem in Southeast Asia and Latin America and of growing importance for travel clinics in Europe and North America. The disease is caused by chronic infections with liver, lung, and intestinal flukes. This article focuses on the most important liver and lung flukes that parasitize man, namely Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola hepatica, Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Paragonimus spp. The article describes the epidemiology of major liver and lung fluke infections, including current distribution, burden, life cycle, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and current tools for prevention, treatment, and control.