Effect of 3D printed foot orthoses stiffness and design on foot kinematics and plantar pressures in healthy people |
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| Affiliation: | 1. École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’Activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada;2. Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8201 - LAMIH - Laboratoire d''Automatique de Mécanique et d''Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, F-59313, Valenciennes, France;3. Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada;4. Laboratoire Orthopédique Médicus, 2520 Boul. St-Joseph, Montréal, QC, H1Y 2A2, Canada;1. Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada;2. Motion Analysis and Biofeedback Laboratory, University of British Columbia, 212 – 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;3. Kintec Footlabs, 13645 King George Blvd., Surrey, BC V3T 2TB, Canada;4. Biomedical Physiological and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;5. Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, 212 – 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3;1. Telecommunications Laboratory (LABTEL), Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Fernando Ferrari Avenue, 29075-910 Vitória-ES, Brazil;2. Physics Department & I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;1. Laboratory of Simulation and Movement Modelling, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada;2. Médius, Montréal, QC, Canada;3. CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada;1. Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom;2. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta;1. State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, 710054, Xi''an, Shaanxi, China;2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, 710054, Xi''an, Shaanxi, China;3. John Scale Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA74LP, Hong Kong;4. Shandong Weigao Pharmaceutical Co., Limited. No.20 Xingshan Road, Hi-tech District, Weihai, Shandong, China |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundFoot orthoses (FOs) have been widely prescribed to alter various lower limb disorders. FOs’ geometrical design and material properties have been shown to influence their impact on foot biomechanics. New technologies such as 3D printing provide the potential to produce custom shapes and add functionalities to FOs by adding extra-components.Research questionThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3D printed FOs stiffness and newly design postings on foot kinematics and plantar pressures in healthy people.MethodsTwo pairs of ¾ length prefabricated 3D printed FOs were administered to 15 healthy participants with normal foot posture. FOs were of different stiffness and were designed so that extra-components, innovative flat postings, could be inserted at the rearfoot. In-shoe multi-segment foot kinematics as well as plantar pressures were recorded while participants walked on a treadmill. One-way ANOVAs using statistical non-parametric mapping were performed to estimate the effect of FOs stiffness and then the addition of postings during the stance phase of walking.ResultsIncreasing FOs stiffness altered frontal and transverse plane foot kinematics, especially by further reducing rearfoot eversion and increasing the rearfoot abduction. Postings had notable effect on rearfoot frontal plane kinematics, by enhancing FOs effect. Looking at plantar pressures, wearing FOs was associated with a shift of the loads from the rearfoot to the midfoot region. Higher peak pressures under the rearfoot and midfoot (up to +31.7 %) were also observed when increasing the stiffness of the FOs.Significance3D printing techniques offer a wide range of possibilities in terms of material properties and design, providing clinicians the opportunity to administer FOs that could be modulated according to pathologies as well as during the treatment by adding extra-components. Further studies including people presenting musculoskeletal disorders are required. |
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| Keywords: | Foot orthoses 3D printing Foot kinematics Plantar pressures Gait |
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