Video observation of hand-hygiene compliance in a manufacturer of ready-to-eat pie and pastry products

ABSTRACT

Food-handler hand-hygiene can be a contributory factor for food-borne illness. Cognitive data (knowledge/attitudes/self-reported practices), while informative, are not indicative of behaviour, and are subject to biases. Consequently, observation of behaviour is superior to survey data. However, researcher presence in direct observation increases reactivity, whereas video observation gives comprehensive analysis over a longer period, furthermore, familiarity reduces reactivity. Although video observation has been used to assess food safety at retail/foodservice, this valuable method is under-utilized in food-manufacturing environments. For the study, footage (24 h) was reviewed to assess compliance in a food-manufacturing site with company protocol. Video observation of food-handlers entering production (n = 674) was assessed; upon 70 occasions no attempt to implement hand-hygiene was observed. Of attempted hand-hygiene practices (n = 604), only 2% implemented compliant practices. Although 78% of attempts utilized soap, only 42% included sanitizer. Duration ranged from 1 to 69 s (Median 17 s). The study provides hand-hygiene data in an area that observational data is seldom captured.     

神经内科护理中康复护理对于脑卒中后偏瘫患者的预后观察研究

目的:本次研究分析在脑卒中后偏瘫患者护理中采用神经内科护理对患者预后效果的观察。方法:本次研究样本选取莒南县中医医院100例脑卒中后偏瘫患者,研究时间从2018年3月-2019年3月,按照护理方式进行对比,试验组患者采用神经内科护理,对照组患者采用常规护理,对比两组患者护理结果。结果:对比两组患者肢体运动功能评分,分析得知,试验组患者出院后肢体功能评分明显较高,两组对比存在统计学标准(P<0.05);对比两组患者日常生活能力量表(Activities of Daily Living,ADL)评分,分析得知,试验组患者出院后ADL评分明显较高,两组对比存在统计学标准(P<0.05);对比两组患者预后生活质量评分,分析得知,试验组患者预后生活质量评分较高,两组对比符合统计学标准(P<0.05)。结论:通过此次研究得知,在脑卒中后偏瘫患者护理中采用神经内科护理,能对患者肢体功能与神经功能进行明显改善,还能进一步提高患者生活质量。     

刺络联合舒利迭吸入疗法防治小儿哮喘的疗效观察

目的:探讨刺络联合舒利迭吸入疗法治疗小儿哮喘的临床疗效,并观察其用药前后的代谢组学变化。方法:选取2013年10月至2015年9月上海市宝山区中西医结合医院收治的哮喘患儿50例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机分为对照组和观察组,每组25例。对照组采用沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上针刺四缝和少商穴位以及耳尖放血,间隔1 d进行1次,周期90 d。采集患儿用药前0 d,用药30 d,用药60 d,用药90 d的尿液,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)检测尿液内源性代谢物,观察治疗前后2组患儿临床症状评分、免疫指标以及代谢谱的变化情况。结果:观察组总有效率高于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与治疗前比较,2组患儿各项中医症候均明显减轻,观察组改善程度比对照组更为显著,差异有统计学意义,2组免疫学指标与治疗前比较均显著降低(P<0.05),与对照组比较(90 d),观察组(90 d)各指标降低程度更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。采用有监督的分析-OPLS分析了治疗前对照组和观察组(0 d),治疗后(90 d)对照组和观察组的尿液代谢谱,结果显示4组代谢谱分离良好,鉴定了21个相关代谢标志物。结论:刺络联合舒利迭吸入疗法治疗小儿哮喘的临床效果确切,可改善患儿症状,降低免疫指标,其作用机制可能与丙氨酸,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢和组氨酸代谢等代谢异常有关。     

横断面研究能否进行因果推断

基于变量调查(或测量)的共时性、统计学关联及幸存者偏倚等原因,横断面研究被认为不能进行因果推断,这是当前的"共识"。本文基于因果思维,借助因果图,首先明确定义真实截面和测量截面,并识别截面概念仅存在于理论的特性。实际横断面研究中,测量变量的共时性并不存在,而是无一例外地表现为非共时性时序,其实质上相当于测量变量间互为独立性假设,或不存在有差别错分偏倚。类似于累积病例对照研究和历史性队列研究,横断面研究均为暴露和结局已存在或发生后进行的测量,这种测量相当于对变量值的历史重建或"考古"。这类研究进行因果推断的共性前提条件之一是,测量变量与其历史变量间必须存在着因果律。测量变量均为真实变量的替代者,测量变量间的时序在因果推断上并不重要。应加强对横断面研究分析性角色的认识。     

Chemotherapy Versus Supportive Care for Unresected Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

BackgroundManagement options for unresected malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) are largely limited to palliative chemotherapy and best supportive care. This study sought to delineate subgroups most likely to benefit from chemotherapy.Patients and MethodsThe National Cancer Database was queried for newly-diagnosed unresected sarcomatoid, biphasic, and/or metastatic (M1) MPM. Statistics included Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) analysis with and without propensity matching, landmark Kaplan-Meier analysis to address immortal time bias, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling in all patients as well as within histologic/M-classification-based subcohorts.ResultsOf 4655 patients (48% chemotherapy, 52% best supportive care), 15%, 27%, and 40% had epithelioid, biphasic, and sarcomatoid disease, respectively; 41% had M1 disease. The median OS in the chemotherapy and BSC cohorts was 10.4 versus 4.8 months (P < .001). OS differences persisted following landmark analysis (P = .038) and propensity matching (P < .001). Chemotherapy was associated with higher OS in M1 cases with unknown histology and M1 epithelioid patients (P < .001 for both). For non-epithelioid cases, chemotherapy was associated with higher OS for M0 (P < .001 for sarcomatoid and biphasic) but not M1 (P > .05 for both) disease.ConclusionsChemotherapy may benefit metastatic epithelioid and non-metastatic non-epithelioid MPM to a greater degree than metastatic non-epithelioid disease. Causation, however, is not implied, and careful patient selection in this population cannot be understated.     

基于大自然时间轴的测量时序分类法

因果推断中，时序（或方向性）的概念尚未完全明确。本文从因果思维出发，以真实因和真实果的发生时间将大自然时间轴划分为3个时域和2个时点，从而锚定了因果推断只能实现于第3时域。测量时序可分为5种类型：跨第1和3时域纵向时序（实验性时序）、跨第2和3时域纵向时序、同时域纵向时序、同时域逆纵向时序和同时域横向时序（观察性时序）。这种分类法适用于首次或多次测量、及时和延后测量等所有测量策略。除了实验中真实因的测量（或干预措施）在其发生之前（第1时域）或观察和实验中真实因的测量在真实果发生之前（第2时域）的情形外，所有其他测量策略类似于历史重建或"考古"，测量时序的重要性次于测量的准确性。从研究设计应整合偏倚设计的观点来看，本文提出基于大自然时间轴的测量时序五分类法，概念清楚并将有助于判断研究过程中可能出现的偏倚，为正确进行因果推断研究奠定基础。     

Diabetes diagnosis from administrative claims and estimation of the true prevalence of diabetes among 4.2 million individuals of the Veneto region (North East Italy)

Background and aimsDiabetes can often remain undiagnosed or unregistered in administrative databases long after its onset, even when laboratory test results meet diagnostic criteria. In the present work, we analyse healthcare data of the Veneto Region, North East Italy, with the aims of: (i) developing an algorithm for the identification of diabetes from administrative claims (4,236,007 citizens), (ii) assessing its reliability by comparing its performance with the gold standard clinical diagnosis from a clinical database (7525 patients), (iii) combining the algorithm and the laboratory data of the regional Health Information Exchange (rHIE) system (543,520 subjects) to identify undiagnosed diabetes, and (iv) providing a credible estimate of the true prevalence of diabetes in Veneto.Methods and resultsThe proposed algorithm for the identification of diabetes was fed by administrative data related to drug dispensations, outpatient visits, and hospitalisations. Evaluated against a clinical database, the algorithm achieved 95.7% sensitivity, 87.9% specificity, and 97.6% precision. To identify possible cases of undiagnosed diabetes, we applied standard diagnostic criteria to the laboratory test results of the subjects who, according to the algorithm, had no diabetes-related claims. Using a simplified probabilistic model, we corrected our claims-based estimate of known diabetes (6.17% prevalence; 261,303 cases) to account for undiagnosed cases, yielding an estimated total prevalence of 7.50%.ConclusionWe herein validated an algorithm for the diagnosis of diabetes using administrative claims against the clinical diagnosis. Together with rHIE laboratory data, this allowed to identify possibly undiagnosed diabetes and estimate the true prevalence of diabetes in Veneto.     

白芍总苷联合苯磺贝他斯汀治疗慢性荨麻疹疗效观察

目的评价白芍总苷联合苯磺贝他斯汀治疗慢性荨麻疹的临床疗效及安全性。方法将115例慢性荨麻疹患者随机分为2组,治疗组57例,给予口服苯磺贝他斯汀片10 mg,2次/d,同时联合白芍总苷胶囊,600 mg,3次/d;对照组58例,仅口服苯磺贝他斯汀片,方法同治疗组,2组疗程均为12周。记录不良反应。结果 2组患者治疗后症状积分均明显下降,于治疗后第8周及第12周时,2组症状积分相比,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);疗程结束时,治疗组有效率为91.23%,对照组有效率为75.86%,治疗组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗过程中均无严重不良反应发生;治疗组的复发率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论白芍总苷联合苯磺贝他斯汀治疗慢性荨麻疹安全有效,复发率低。