Palmatine: A review of pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics

The aim of this review is to collect together the results of the numerous studies over the last two decades on the pharmacological properties of palmatine published in scientific databases like Scopus and PubMed, which are scattered across different publications. Palmatine, an isoquinoline alkaloid from the class of protoberberines, is a yellow compound present in the extracts from different representatives of Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Menispermaceae. It has been extensively used in traditional medicine of Asia in the treatment of jaundice, liver‐related diseases, hypertension, inflammation, and dysentery. New findings describe its possible applications in the treatment of civilization diseases like central nervous system‐related problems. This review intends to let this alkaloid come out from the shade of a more frequently described alkaloid: berberine. The toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and biological activities of this protoberberine alkaloid will be developed in this work.     

细叶十大功劳茎水提取物脂溶性部位的化学成分研究

目的研究细叶十大功劳Mahonia fortunei茎水提取物脂溶性部位的化学成分。方法采用硅胶、高效液相色谱等柱色谱方法进行分离纯化,通过化合物的谱学数据鉴定其结构。结果从细叶十大功劳茎水提取物的醋酸乙酯可溶部位分离出38个化合物,分别鉴定为麦芽酚(1)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙醇(2)、紫丁香基乙酮(3)、1-羟基-3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-丙酮(4)、α-羟基丁香丙酮(5)、紫堇定(6)、浙贝素(7)、香草酸(8)、丁香酸(9)、降氧化北美黄连次碱(10)、(+)-丁香脂素(11)、表丁香脂素(12)、五味子醇甲(13)、新海胆灵A(14)、8-氧化药根碱(15)、8-氧化小檗碱(16)、5-羟基麦芽酚(17)、5-羟基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(18)、吐叶醇(19)、2,3-二羟基-1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(20)、马齿苋酰胺E(21)、石菖蒲碱A(22)、5-表石菖蒲碱A(23)、5-(甲氧基甲基)-1H-吡咯-2-甲醛(24)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚(25)、(-)-开环异落叶松脂素(26)、刺五加酮(27)、原儿茶酸(28)、腺苷(29)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(30)、2-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)乙基-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(31)、扭旋马先蒿苷B(32)、虎皮楠苷(33)、(+)-丁香脂素-4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(34)、表丁香脂素-4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(35)、小檗碱(36)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基-(6′-O-紫丁香酰基)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(37)、红景天苷(38)。结论化合物3~7、13~15、17~19、21~27、29、31、33和38为首次从该属植物中分离得到,并且首次报道了化合物15的核磁波谱数据。     

Antiinflammatory effects of Epimedium brevicornum water extract on lipopolysaccharide‐activated RAW264.7 macrophages

Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (Berberidaceae) possesses estrogenic properties. It is one of the most widespread herbal remedies used in Oriental medicine. The present study investigated the effects of Epimedium brevicornum water extract (EB) on proinflammatory mediators secreted from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW264.7 macrophages. EB significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)‐3, IL‐10, IL‐12p40, interferon‐inducible protein‐10, keratinocyte‐derived chemokine, vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 and granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor in LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL (p < 0.05). These results suggest that EB has antiinflammatory activity related to its inhibition of NO, cytokine, chemokine and growth factor production in macrophages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

补肾中药淫羊藿的化学成分比较与生药鉴别

淫羊藿为常用补肾壮阳中药,但生药来源混杂。本工作对全国大多数省区所用的淫羊藿生药进行了调查和鉴定,认为市售商品主要来源于小蘖科淫羊藿属(Epimedium)8种植物。为了合理利用药物资源,特对此8种15个地区生药的质量从薄板层析、总黄酮成分含量及以抗心律不齐作用等方面进行了比较。同时对不同种淫羊藿的鉴别进行了研究,结果表明不同种淫羊藿所含化学成分相似,但在含量上和药理作用方面有差异。因此在应用时必须注意鉴别。本研究工作表明以非腺毛形态特征可有效地鉴别不同种生药。     

朝鲜淫羊藿叶的黄酮苷类成分研究

对朝鲜淫羊藿（Epimedium koreanum）叶的化学成分进行研究。利用硅胶柱色谱,Toyopearl,羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶（Sephadex LH-20）柱色谱,ODS反相柱色谱及HPLC等色谱法对朝鲜淫羊藿进行分离和纯化,并通过理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定其结构。从其干燥叶的70%丙酮/水提取物中共分离得到了6个黄酮苷类化合物,分别鉴定为金圣草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸-6″-甲酯（1）,芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸-6″-甲酯（2）,3’,5,7-三羟基-4’-甲氧基黄酮-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→6）-β-D-葡萄糖苷（3）,山奈酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→6）-β-D-葡萄糖苷（4）,芦丁（5）和槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（6）。化合物1和2为首次从淫羊藿属植物中分离得到,化合物3,4和6为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

宝藿甙-Ⅰ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ和宝藿素的分离和结构研究

自宝兴淫羊藿(Epimedium davidii Franch)中分离出8个黄酮类化合物,根据理化数据、光谱分析(UV,IR,¹HNMR,¹³CNMR,MS)和水解实验证明,其中E₃,E₁₃和E₈分别为已知成分淫羊藿甙、淫羊藿素和苜蓿素。E₁,E₁₁、E₁₆和E₁₅是新黄酮类化合物,并证明结构,分别命名为宝藿甙-Ⅰ(baohuoside Ⅰ),宝藿甙-Ⅵ(baohuoside Ⅵ),宝藿甙-Ⅶ(baohuo side Ⅶ)和宝藿素(baohuosu)。E¹⁷的结构待定。     

宝藿甙Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ的分离和结构研究

自宝兴淫羊藿(Epimedium davidii Franch)全草中分离得十七个黄酮类化合物。确定了E₂,E₄,E₅,E₆,E₇,E₉,E₁₀,E₁₂和E₁₄的化学结构。其中五个为已知成分,即E₅为淫羊藿甙-C,E₉为淫羊藿甙-A,E₁₂为去甲淫羊藿素,E₄为金丝桃甙,E₁₄为山柰素-3-双鼠李糖甙。E₂,E₆,E₇和E₁₀是首次从植物中分离到的黄酮醇甙,分别命名为宝藿甙-Ⅱ,宝藿甙-Ⅲ,宝藿甙-Ⅳ和宝藿甙-Ⅴ。E₄和E₁₄在本属植物中系首次发现。     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol root extract of Mahonia oiwakensis in mice

Aims of the study

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and protoberberine alkaloid contents of ethanol extract of MO roots (MOR_EtOH).

Materials and methods

The analgesic activity of MOR_EtOH was determined using acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test. The anti-inflammatory activity of MOR_EtOH was determined using the λ-carrageenan-induced paw oedema model. The protoberberine alkaloid contents of MOR_EtOH were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results

MOR_EtOH (100 and 500 mg/kg) decreased the acetic acid-induced writhing responses and licking times of the second phase in the formalin test. Moreover, carrageenan-induced paw oedema was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by administering MOR_EtOH (100 and 500 mg/kg) at 3, 4, and 5 h after the carrageenan injection. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) of MOR_EtOH-treated mice were significantly reduced compared with those in the serum of animals administered carrageenan. Notably, MOR_EtOH attenuated the expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and neutrophil infiltration in paw tissues injected with carrageenan. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of MOR_EtOH appear to be related to the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression, NO release, and the decreasing TNF-α level in serum. The analytical results showed that the contents of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine were 191.45 mg/g extract, 100.15 mg/g extract and 66.45 mg/g extract, respectively.

Conclusion

These experimental results suggest that MOR_EtOH produced both analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and may be a candidate for the development of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.     

A New Furan Flavonol Glycoside from Epimedium koreanum

Objective To study the chemical constituents of Epimedium koreanum.Methods Separation was carried out through silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC method.The chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic method including 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR.Results A new furanflavonol glycoside(1)was isolated and identified.Conclusion Compound 1 is a new furanflavonol glycoside,and its structure is corroborated as 5,4′-dihydroxyfurano[2″,3″:7,8]flavonol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside.     

心叶淫羊藿化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的 对心叶淫羊藿 Epimedium brevicornum 全草进行化学成分研究.方法 利用硅胶柱色谱、高效液相色谱分离和纯化,通过理化方法及波谱数据分析鉴定其结构.结果 分离得到8个化合物,波谱鉴定为:5-羟基-2-异戊烯基苯酚-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅰ)、4-羟基-2-异戊烯基苯酚-1-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅰ)、5,7,4'-三羟基黄酮-7-O-a-L-鼠李糖苷(Ⅱ)、宝藿苷Ⅰ(baohuoside Ⅰ,Ⅳ)、宝藿苷Ⅱ(baohuoside Ⅰ,Ⅴ)、淫羊藿苷C(icariside C,Ⅵ)、淫羊藿苷(icariin,Ⅶ)和淫羊藿苷I(icariside Ⅰ,Ⅷ).结论 化合物Ⅰ为新化合物,命名为淫羊藿酚;化合物Ⅰ和Ⅱ系首次从该植物中分离得到.