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The sinonasal tract is host to numerous benign and malignant entities that can pose diagnostic challenges to pathologists as a result of limited exposure in daily practice. This review concentrates on certain key characteristics of select entities with focus on differential diagnosis, novel subtypes and/or molecular distinction. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge and shed light on diagnostically challenging and emerging entities in sinonasal tract pathology.  相似文献   
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N-formyl peptide receptors(FPRs)were first identified upon phagocytic leukocytes,but more than four decades of research has unearthed a plethora of non-myeloid roles for this receptor family.FPRs are expressed within neuronal tissues and markedly in the central nervous system,where FPR interactions with endogenous ligands have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,as well as neurological cancers such as neuroblastoma.Whilst the homeostatic function of FPRs in the nervous system is currently undefined,a variety of novel physiological roles for this receptor family in the neuronal context have been posited in both human and animal settings.Rapid developments in recent years have implicated FPRs in the process of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation which,upon greater characterisation,could represent a novel pharmacological target for neuronal regeneration therapies that may be used in the treatment of brain/spinal cord injury,stroke and neurodegeneration.This review aims to summarize the recent progress made to determine the physiological role of FPRs in a neuronal setting,and to put forward a case for FPRs as a novel pharmacological target for conditions of the nervous system,and for their potential to open the door to novel neuronal regeneration therapies.  相似文献   
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Rationable:Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor of the nasal cavity, the primary local symptoms are usually inconspicuous. Patients are often admitted to various specialties based on different primary symptoms, which may result in delayed diagnosis and even a misdiagnosis.Patient concerns:Here we report a case of ONB that presented initially as multiple ostealgia without any local symptoms of the tumor and primarily misdiagnosed as multiple myeloma. The patient was a 47-year-old female with bone pain at multiple sites. The initial diagnosis was considered as multiple myeloma. However, the morphologic examination of bone marrow suggested that the tumor cells originated from the nervous tissues. After the positron emission computed tomography scan, the primary lesion in the nasal cavity was located, and a biopsy was performed.Diagnosis:The final diagnosis of ONB was confirmed by histopathological tests.Interventions:The patient was treated with metronomic chemotherapy.Outcomes:The symptoms of bone pain were significantly relieved 3 months later. The emission computed tomography scan of the whole body bones and the magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed that the tumor size did not change significantly and proved a progression-free of the disease.Lessons:It is a reasonable strategy to identify the original latent tumor by a prompt positron emission computed tomography scan when the primary diagnosis indicates a metastatic disease, especially for the occult malignancies like ONB.  相似文献   
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Relapsed high‐risk neuroblastoma has few effective therapies currently available or in development. Cabozantinib is an Food and Drug Administration approved multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor for select adult malignancies with preclinical data suggesting efficacy against neuroblastoma. A safe and tolerable dose has been identified for children, but its efficacy remains unknown. We describe four children with relapsed metastatic neuroblastoma treated with cabozantinib. All four patients had extended disease control (two complete responsesfor >12 months, 2 stable disease >6 months) with manageable predictable toxicities requiring dose reduction in two patients. We discuss the potential for the use of cabozantinib in neuroblastoma.  相似文献   
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