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排序方式: 共有266条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Paola Frati Chrystalla Kyriakou Alessandro Del Rio Enrico Marinelli Gianluca Montanari Vergallo Simona Zaami Francesco P. Busardò 《Current Neuropharmacology》2015,13(1):5-11
Cognitive enhancement can be defined as the use of drugs and/or other means with the
aim to improve the cognitive functions of healthy subjects in particular memory, attention, creativity
and intelligence in the absence of any medical indication. Currently, it represents one of the most
debated topics in the neuroscience community. Human beings always wanted to use substances to
improve their cognitive functions, from the use of hallucinogens in ancient civilizations in an attempt
to allow them to better communicate with their gods, to the widespread use of caffeine under various
forms (energy drinks, tablets, etc.), to the more recent development of drugs such as stimulants and glutamate activators.
In the last ten years, increasing attention has been given to the use of cognitive enhancers, but up to now there is still only
a limited amount of information concerning the use, effect and functioning of cognitive enhancement in daily life on
healthy subjects. The first aim of this paper was to review current trends in the misuse of smart drugs (also known as
Nootropics) presently available on the market focusing in detail on methylphenidate, trying to evaluate the potential risk
in healthy individuals, especially teenagers and young adults. Moreover, the authors have explored the issue of cognitive
enhancement compared to the use of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) in sports. Finally, a brief overview of the
ethical considerations surrounding human enhancement has been examined. 相似文献
3.
Chloé Cloteau Gaud Dervilly Zied Kaabia Florian Bagilet Vivian Delcourt Benoit Loup Yann Guitton Anne-Lise Royer Fabrice Monteau Patrice Garcia Marie-Agnès Popot Bruno Le Bizec Ludovic Bailly-Chouriberry 《Drug testing and analysis》2022,14(5):864-878
In order to overcome the challenge associated with the screening of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids abuses in animal competitions, a non-targeted liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach was implemented on equine urine samples to highlight potential biomarkers associated with the administration of such compounds, using testosterone esters as model steroids. A statistical model relying on four potential biomarkers intensity could be defined to predict the status of the samples. With a routine application perspective, the monitoring of the highlighted potential biomarkers was first transferred into high-throughput liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring (LC-SRM). The model's performances and robustness of the approach were preserved and providing a first demonstration of metabolomics-based biomarkers integration within a targeted workflow using common benchtop MS instrumentation. In addition, with a view to the widespread implementation of such biomarker-based tools, we have transferred the method to a second laboratory with similar instrumentation. This proof of concept allows the development and application of biomarker-based strategies to meet current doping control needs. 相似文献
4.
Semi-automated enzymatic measurement of serum zinc concentration 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
OBJECTIVE: To measure serum zinc concentration by means of carbonic anhydrase reactivation using an automated analyzer. METHODS: The zinc content of carbonic anhydrase (CA), whose cofactor is zinc, was removed by dialysis against pyridine 2 to 6 dicarboxylic acid and a pure apoenzyme was obtained. Serum proteins were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution and the supernatant fraction of the sample was used to determine the zinc concentration. The negative effects of the precipitant on CA activity in the assay were completely removed, reaction conditions for maximal CA activity were provided and the color of the product was enhanced and stabilized. P-nitrophenyl acetate was used as the substrate and the change of absorbance of p-nitrophenol which was produced was followed at 400 nm. The initial rate of the esterase activity of CA was measured by using an automated analyzer. Analytical performance characteristics of the assay were determined. The zinc concentrations in serum samples of healthy subjects and patients were measured. RESULTS: The enzymatic assay is accurate, sensitive, specific and is not affected by other metals. There was excellent agreement with the results obtained using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (y = 0.98X + 0.18, r = 0.99). Serum zinc concentrations were found to be higher in patients with vivax malaria, and lower in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: The enzymatic method is suitable for semiautomated measurement of serum zinc concentration. 相似文献
5.
《Revista portuguesa de cardiologia》2014,33(7-8):431-437
Introduction and ObjectiveNon‐adherence to drug treatment is a major health problem. In Europe, it has been estimated that 9% of cardiovascular events can be attributed to non‐adherence. The complexity of dosing regimens is one of the factors identified as contributing to non‐adherence. In this systematic review we aimed to assess the impact of dosing frequency on adherence to drug treatment in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease.MethodsMEDLINE and the Cochrane Library (November 2013) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different dosing regimens (once‐daily administration vs. two or more daily administrations) and assessing adherence to therapy in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. Only trials with at least five months of follow‐up were included. The results of the studies were pooled through a random effects meta‐analysis. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived. Statistical heterogeneity was calculated using the I2 test.ResultsFour RCTs (a total of 2557 patients) were included. Dosing regimens with once‐daily administration were associated with a significant 56% reduction in risk of non‐adherence to drug therapy (RR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.35‐0.54, I2=25%).ConclusionsFew clinical trials have assessed the long‐term impact of dosing frequency on medication adherence in chronic cardiovascular disease. The best available evidence suggests that taking medication once daily decreases the risk of non‐adherence to treatment by approximately 50%. The impact on clinical outcomes remains to be established. 相似文献
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7.
We review the management of cervical spinal lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. Surgical treatment for cervical lesions presents several potential problems, such as spinal cord injury during surgery, prolonged and painful postoperative immobilization, poor outcome incompatible with surgical invasiveness, and a high failure rate of arthrodesis. The introduction of spinal instrumentation techniques to surgery for cervical lesions has solved some of these problems. Rigid spinal fixation using screws, rods, and wires has made surgery more reliable, and has freed patients from painful postoperative immobilization methods such as the Halo vest. However, the effects of surgical treatment have not been clearly examined using methods of evidence-based medicine. There is a need for clinical studies of treatment for cervical lesions, in order to help establish better methods for the management of cervical spinal lesions. 相似文献
8.
Alexandre R. Lobo Maria Lucia Cocato Vanda Jorgetti Lílian R.M. de Sá Eduardo Y. Nakano Célia Colli 《Nutrition Research》2009
Feeding mineral-deficient diets enhances absorptive efficiency as an attempt of the body to compensate for the lack of an essential nutrient. Under certain circumstances, it does not succeed; and nutritional deficiency is produced. Our hypothesis was that inulin-type fructans (ITF), which are known to affect mineral absorption, could increase Ca and Fe bioavailability in Ca- and Fe-deficient rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 48, 4 weeks old) were assigned to 1 of 8 groups derived from 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of added Fe (0 and 35 mg/kg), Ca (0 and 5 g/kg), and ITF (0 and 100 g/kg) for 33 days. The Fe status (hemoglobin, serum Fe, total Fe-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, liver minerals) was evaluated. Tibia minerals (Ca, Mg, and Zn), bone strength, and histomorphometry were determined. In nondeficient rats, ITF supplementation did not affect Fe status or organ minerals, with the exception of tibia Mg. Moreover, ITF improved bone resilience and led to a reduction in eroded surface per body surface and number of osteoclasts per area. In Ca-deficient rats, ITF increased liver (Fe and Zn) and tibia (Zn) mineral levels but impaired tibia Mg, yield load, and resilience. In conclusion, ITF worsened the tibia Mg levels and elastic properties when supplemented in Ca-deficient diets. In contrast, although bone Ca was not affected in nondeficient rats under the present experimental conditions, bone quality improved, as demonstrated by a moderate reduction in femur osteoclast resorption and significant increases in tibia Mg content and elasticity. 相似文献
9.
目的建立全血中锰的直接快速石墨炉原子吸收光谱分析方法。方法硝酸和TritonX-100作为样品混合稀释液,全血用混合稀释液消解乳化后,采用氘灯校正背景,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法自动进样测定。结果方法的线性范围为0~3.0μg/L,相关系数为0.9992,RSD为1.1%~7.7%,加标回收为93.7%~101.0%,方法检出限为0.25μg/L。结论该法准确度、精确度良好,样品不需要消化,污染小,是一种简单、快速、可行的测定全血锰的方法。 相似文献
10.
Inmaculada Medina-Caliz Miren Garcia-Cortes Andres Gonzalez-Jimenez Maria R. Cabello Mercedes Robles-Diaz Judith Sanabria-Cabrera Rocio Sanjuan-Jimenez Aida Ortega-Alonso Beatriz García-Muñoz Inmaculada Moreno Miguel Jimenez-Perez M Carmen Fernandez Pere Ginés Martin Prieto Isabel Conde Hacibe Hallal German Soriano Eva Roman R Ruíz 《Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology》2018,16(9):1495-1502