Completeness and timeliness of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis,measles-mumps-rubella,and polio vaccines in young children with chronic health conditions: A systematic review

Objective

To systematically review literature on uptake and timeliness of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, measles-mumps-rubella, and/or polio-containing vaccines in infants who were born preterm, with a low birth weight, and/or with chronic health conditions that were diagnosed within the first 6?months of life.

Timeliness of Treatment Initiation in Newly Diagnosed Patients With Breast Cancer

BackgroundEvidence-based timeliness benchmarks have been established to assess quality of breast cancer care, as delays in treatment are associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, few studies have evaluated how current breast cancer care meets these benchmarks and what factors may delay the timely initiation of treatment.Patients and MethodsDemographic and disease characteristics of 377 newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer who initiated treatment at Tufts Medical Center (2009-2015) were extracted from electronic medical records. Time from diagnosis to initial surgery and time from diagnosis to initiation of hormone therapy were estimated with Kaplan-Meier curves. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with treatment delays. Thematic analysis was performed to categorize reasons for delay.ResultsOf 319 patients who had surgery recommended as the first treatment, 248 (78%) met the 45-day benchmark (median, 28 days; 25th-75th %, 19-43). After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable regression analysis revealed that negative hormone receptor status (odds ratio, 3.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-8.43) and mastectomy (odds ratio, 4.07; 95% confidence interval, 2.10-8.06) were significantly associated with delays in surgery. Delays were mostly owing to clinical complexity or logistical/financial reasons. Of 241 patients eligible for hormone therapy initiation, 232 (96%) met the 1-year benchmark (median, 147 days; 25th-75th %, 79-217).ConclusionMost patients met timeliness guidelines for surgery and initiation of hormone therapy, although risk factors for delay were identified. Knowledge of reasons for breast cancer treatment delay, including clinical complexity and logistical/financial issues, may allow targeting interventions for patients at greatest risk of care delays.     

Uptake and timeliness of rotavirus vaccination in Norway: The first year post-introduction

BackgroundTo minimise vaccine-associated risk of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination, Norway adopted very strict age limits for initiating and completing the vaccine series at the time rotavirus vaccination was included in the national immunisation programme, October 2014. Although Norway has a high coverage for routine childhood vaccines, these stringent age limits could negatively affect rotavirus coverage. We documented the status and impact of rotavirus vaccination on other infant vaccines during the first year after its introduction.MethodsWe used individual vaccination data from the national immunisation register to calculate coverage for rotavirus and other vaccines and examine adherence with the recommended schedules. We identified factors associated with completing the full rotavirus series by performing multiple logistic regression analyses. We also evaluated potential changes in uptake and timeliness of other routine vaccines after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine using the Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsThe national coverage for rotavirus vaccine achieved a year after the introduction was 89% for one dose and 82% for two doses, respectively. Among fully rotavirus-vaccinated children, 98% received both doses within the upper age limit and 90% received both doses according to the recommended schedule. The child’s age at the initiation of rotavirus series and being vaccinated with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP/IPV/Hib) and pneumococcal vaccines were the strongest predictors of completing the full rotavirus series. No major changes in uptake and timeliness of other paediatric vaccines were observed after introduction of rotavirus vaccine.ConclusionsNorway achieved a high national coverage and excellent adherence with the strict age limits for rotavirus vaccine administration during the first year of introduction, indicating robustness of the national immunisation programme. Rotavirus vaccination did not impact coverage or timeliness of other infant vaccines.     

Vaccine timeliness and prevalence of undervaccination patterns in children ages 0–19 months,U.S., National Immunization Survey-Child 2017

ObjectivesTypically, early childhood vaccination coverage in the U.S. is measured as the proportion of children by age 24 months who completed recommended vaccine series. However, these measures do not reflect whether vaccine doses were received at the ages recommended by the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or whether children received vaccines concomitantly, per the ACIP recommended schedule. This study’s objective was to quantify vaccine timeliness and prevalence of specific patterns of undervaccination in U.S. children ages 0–19 months.MethodsUsing 2017 National Immunization Survey-Child data, we calculated days undervaccinated for the combined 7-vaccine series and distinguished undervaccination patterns indicative of parental vaccine hesitancy, such as spreading out vaccines across visits (“shot-limiting”) or starting some but not all recommended vaccine series (“selective vaccination”), from other non-hesitancy patterns, such as missing final vaccine doses or receiving all doses, with some or all late. We measured associations between demographic, socioeconomic and other characteristics with undervaccination patterns using multivariable log-linked binomial regression. Analyses accounted for the complex survey design.ResultsAmong n = 15,333 U.S. children, only 41.2% received all recommended vaccine doses on-time by age 19 months. Approximately 20.9% of children had an undervaccination pattern suggestive of parental vaccine hesitancy, and 36.2% had other undervaccination non-hesitancy patterns. Uninsured children and those with lower levels of maternal education were more likely to exhibit undervaccination patterns suggestive of parental hesitancy. Lower levels of maternal education were also associated with other non-hesitancy undervaccination patterns.ConclusionsMore than half of children in the U.S. are undervaccinated at some point by 19 months of age. Ongoing assessment of vaccine timeliness and immunization schedule adherence could facilitate timely and targeted public health interventions in populations with high levels of undervaccination.     

From current vaccine recommendations to everyday practices: An analysis in five sub-Saharan African countries

BackgroundEstimates of WHO and UNICEF vaccination coverage may provide little insight into the extent to which vaccinations are administered on time. Yet, lack of adherence to the recommended age to receive a specific vaccination may have detrimental health consequences. For example, delays in receiving vaccination will prolong the risk of lack of protection, often when disease risk is highest, such as during early infancy. We estimated the reported age at vaccination, and vaccine coverage at different ages in children from five sub-Saharan African countries.MethodsWe analyzed data from the latest Demographic and Health Programme databases available for Burkina Faso 2010 (n = 15,044 observations), Ghana 2008 (n = 2992), Kenya 2008–9 (n = 6079), Senegal 2010–11 (n = 12,326), and Tanzania 2010 (n = 8023). We assessed, amongst vaccinees, the exact age when vaccine was administered for the three infant doses of pentavalent vaccine (DTP) and the first dose of measles-containing-vaccine (MCV), as well as the proportion of children immunized with these antigens by a certain age. Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) coverage was evaluated as a potential contact visit for vaccine introduction.ResultsFor all DTP doses, the median intervals between recommended and actual ages of receiving vaccination ranged from 12, 17 and 23 days in Kenya, to 22, 33 and 45 days in Senegal. MCV was mostly given during the recommended age of 9 months. In each country, there was a large discrepancy in the median age at DTP vaccination between regions. VAS coverage in young children ranged from 30.3% in Kenya to 78.4% in Senegal, with large variations observed between areas within each study country.ConclusionIn the context of new vaccine introduction, age of children at vaccination should be monitored to interpret data on vaccine-preventable disease burden, vaccine effectiveness, and vaccine safety, and to adapt targeted interventions and messages.     

Routine childhood vaccination programme coverage,El Salvador, 2011—In search of timeliness

While assessing immunization programmes, not only vaccination coverage is important, but also timely receipt of vaccines. We estimated both vaccination coverage and timeliness, as well as reasons for non-vaccination, and identified predictors of delayed or missed vaccination, for vaccines of the first two years of age, in El Salvador.     

医院信息系统在提高传染病疫情报告质量中的作用

目的：探讨应用医院信息系统-传染病报告子系统进行传染病疫情报告对于提高报告质量的作用。方法随机抽取2012年度（应用系统报告前）、2013年度（应用系统报告后）1～12月各240份医院传染病报告卡数据,采用SPSS19.0软件对报告卡完整率、准确率和及时率进行统计分析。结果使用医院信息系统进行传染病疫情报告后,抽查的报告卡迟报率呈下降趋势（χ2＝20.46,P＝0.0000）,2012年为14.58％,2013年为2.92％;抽查的传染病疫情报告卡质量均有不同程度提高,其中完整率2012年为82.92％,2013年为92.92％,两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝11.30, P ＝0.0008）;准确率2012年为87.92％,2013年为95.00％,两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝7.71,P＝0.0055）;及时率2012年为85.42％,2013年为97.08％,两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝20.46,P＝0.0000）。结论利用医院信息系统进行传染病疫情报告能有效提高报告卡的完整率、准确率和及时率,保证报告的质量。     

模拟演练对创伤院前急救时效性的影响

目的 探讨模拟演练对急救半径≤6 km的创伤患者院前急救时效性的影响.方法 对急诊科医护人员创伤院前急救进行规范的模拟演练培训,采用回顾性对照研究的方法,随机抽取模拟演练前后创伤患者各170例,比较2组创伤患者院前急救措施实施情况、院前急救时间、急救半径、急救实际路程、急救反应时间的差异.结果 模拟演练前后院前急救时间、急救半径、急救实际路程比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;院前急救措施、急救反应时间比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 急救模拟演练对创伤院前急救有较强的指导意义,能提高救治时效性,增加有效救护措施的实施,缩短急救反应时间.     

Timeliness of infant vaccination and factors related with delay in Flanders,Belgium

Achieving high vaccination coverage is a necessary, but not a sufficient indicator of the quality of a vaccination programme, in terms of control and prevention of childhood infectious diseases. For optimal protection of infants, timeliness of vaccination is increasingly recognized as another important target.     

国内性教育教材内容的时效性评估——以广东省立中山图书馆藏书为例

本文以广东省立中山图书馆藏书为例,通过拟定性教育教材的时效性标准,对馆内性教育教材的内容进行时效性评估,得出过时教材的具体情况,为广东省立中山图书馆与性教育教材编写者提供相应建议。