Impact of prior vaccination on antibody response and influenza-like illness among Australian healthcare workers after influenza vaccination in 2016

BackgroundEpidemiological studies suggest that influenza vaccine effectiveness decreases with repeated administration. We examined antibody responses to influenza vaccination among healthcare workers (HCWs) by prior vaccination history and determined the incidence of influenza infection.MethodsHCWs were vaccinated with the 2016 Southern Hemisphere quadrivalent influenza vaccine. Serum samples were collected pre-vaccination, 21–28 days and 7 months post-vaccination. Influenza antibody titres were measured at each time-point using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Immunogenicity was compared by prior vaccination history.ResultsA total of 157 HCWs completed the study. The majority were frequently vaccinated, with only 5 reporting no prior vaccinations since 2011. Rises in titres for all vaccine strains among vaccine-naïve HCWs were significantly greater than rises observed for HCWs who received between 1 and 5 prior vaccinations (p < 0.001, respectively). Post-vaccination GMTs against influenza A but not B strains decreased as the number of prior vaccinations increased from 1 to 5. There was a significant decline in GMTs post-season for both B lineages. Sixty five (41%) HCWs reported at least one influenza-like illness episode, with 6 (4%) identified as influenza positive.ConclusionsVarying serological responses to influenza vaccination were observed among HCWs by prior vaccination history, with vaccine-naïve HCWs demonstrating greater post-vaccination responses against A(H3N2).     

渝北区1～59岁人群麻疹血清流行病学调查报告

目的了解本地1-59岁不同人群的麻疹血清免疫水平现状，为消除麻疹制定策略提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法，抽取1799人进行血清流行病学调查，用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测麻疹抗体IgG。结果渝北区1～59岁人群麻疹免疫水平的总体阳性率为92．94％，1～9岁组的阳性率为95．58％，10--29岁组90．99％，30-59岁组为94％。城区人群的麻疹IgG阳性率为94．03％，农村为91．50％。结论渝北区10--59岁人群麻疹免疫总体水平没有达到消除麻疹应维持95％以上的要求，农村及10--29岁组更为显著。     

商丘地区就医人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学研究

目的了解商丘地区就医人群乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）的感染状况。方法对2009年1月至2010年12月我院就医人群进行问卷调查,并采集血液样本用ELISA酶标法检测HBV感染标志。结果共采集了73518份血液样本,HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、HBcAb流行率及HBV总感染率分别为7．40％、43．30％、1．51％、7．64％、9．20％、38．45％。HBsAg流行率和HBV总感染率在0—5岁、6—12岁、13—18岁、19～60岁、60岁以上人群分别是0．98％和1．03％、2．30％和12．40％、4．49％和16．13％、8．70％和48．71％、8．29％和40．39％。结论商丘地区就医人群中HBsAg流行率在18岁以下人群比19岁以上低,尤其是0—5岁人群,已降低到0．98％;19岁以上人群较高,尤其是长期从事繁重体力劳动人群（农民、搬运工人、建筑工人等）。     

合肥市2008～2009年流行性乙型脑炎疑似病例血清流行病学分析

[目的]分析合肥市2008～2009年流行性乙型脑炎实验室检测结果,为预防控制乙脑等疾病提供科学依据。[方法]收集合肥市2008～2009年的乙型脑炎疑似病例526例,用ELISA法检测乙型脑炎特异性IgM抗体。[结果]共检出乙型脑炎IgM抗体阳性病例132例,年龄以1～12岁儿童居多,占总数的87.88%,男性明显高于女性;发病时间全部集中在7～9月份。[结论]除强化主动监测,加强小年龄组儿童的预防接种外,必须重视实验室监测,增强检测能力,以提高诊断的准确性。     

广东省首次发现斑点热群立克次体的感染

本文采用微量间接免疫荧光方法首次在广东省大埔县、平远县和梅县１０１２名健康人中进行了斑点热群立克次体感染的血清流行病学调查。结果表明，三县西伯利亚立克次体的感染率平均为１６.９９％，其中大埔县为２８.４７％、平远县为２０.４６％、梅县为６.８％；康氏立克次体的感染率平均为２２.６３％，其中大埔县为２７.７８％、平远县为１３.４２％、梅县为２５.５９％；三县小蛛立克次体的感染率平均为１８.２８％，其中大埔县为２１.８８％、平远县为１８.８０％、梅县为１５.４９％。健康人群血清中斑点热群立克次体ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率经统计学处理未见有性别、年龄和职业的差别。上述结果提示在广东省大埔县、平远县和梅县可能存在有斑点热的自然疫源地     

2010年合肥市蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感血清流行病学调查

目的 了解合肥市蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感病毒感染状况和免疫水平,为制定科学有效的防控策略和措施提供基础资料.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,从蜀山区8个街道及1个乡镇选取772人进行问卷调查,收集居民年龄、性别、职业等相关信息,采集血液标本提取甲型H1N1流感病毒血清,应用红细胞血凝抑制试验检测病毒抗体.结果 本次调查蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感抗体阳性率为39.25％ (303/772);5个年龄组0～5岁,6～15岁,16 ～24岁,25～59岁,60岁及以上抗体阳性率分别为31.11％、70.99％、49.04％、28.16％、13.89％;按特定人群比较,学生抗体阳性率(74.29％)高于散居或幼托儿童(31.25％)、教师(33.33％)、医护人员(33.86％)、离退人员(18.32％)以及其他人群(18.18％);按有无甲型H1N1流感疫苗免疫史进行统计,接种组与未接种组的抗体阳性率分别为75.66％、24.18％.蜀山区未接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗人群的隐性感染率为24.64％;蜀山区城区与城乡结合部(井岗镇街道、南岗镇)的居民抗体阳性率分别为32.81％、58.16％,抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=39.41,P＜0.001);本次选取的772人中,在2009年5月～2010年1月期间曾患流感样症状病例、普通感冒病例、健康人群的抗体阳性率分别为44.15％、33.00％、39.14％,差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.99,P=0.050).结论 合肥市蜀山区居民甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体阳性率在不同年龄段、不同人群、不同地区、是否曾有流感样症状、是否有甲型H1N1流感疫苗免疫史等方面均存在不同.     

Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kermanshah Province,Western Iran,During 2011-2012

Background

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by the species of Leishmania donovani complex. It is endemic in some parts of provinces of Iran. According to the reported cases of VL in Kermanshah Province in recent years, this study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL in high risk villages of the province.

Methods

Totally, 1622 serum samples obtained from children under 15 years old and 178 from adults in 22 villages of studied areas. Serum samples were examined by direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software ver.11.5.

Results

Only 6 serum samples (0.33%) showed anti-Leishmania antibodies against L.infantum at titers ≥ 1/3200. Four of the seropositive cases had a history of kala-azar and Leishman bodies were seen in their bone marrows. The highest (0.5%) and lowest (0.29%) seroprevalence was seen in the age groups of 5-9 and 10-14 years old, respectively. None of the adults were seropositive. There were not any significant differences between the rate of seropositivity in males (0.36%) and females (0.31%). 66.7% of seropositive individuals showed clinical manifestations. The most important symptoms in Kala-azar patients were fever, hepato-spleenomegally and anemia.

Conclusion

Kala-azar is occurred sporadically in Kermanshah Province. But presence of significant number of positive sera confirms the necessity for attention of people and clinicians to kala-azar.     

肇庆市病毒性肝炎血清流行病学研究

目的为了解肇庆市人群病毒性肝炎血清流行病学现状和流行规律,并为制定预防控制策略和正确使用疫苗控制该类疾病提供依据。方法采取分层多阶段整群随机抽样方法,全市分3层,抽取了15个村（或居委）,共1698人作为研究样本。用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测抗-HAVIgG、抗-HBs、抗-HBc、抗-HCVIgG、抗-HDV、抗-HEVIgG;用固相放射免疫（SPRIA）法检测HBsAg。结果全市抗-HAV标化流行率15．48％,HBV标化流行率72．82％,抗-HCV标化流行率25．26％,抗-HEV标化流行率11．92％;甲、乙、丙肝标化流行率城镇低于农村,而抗-HEV的标化流行率城镇高于农村;甲、乙肝标化流行率有随年龄增长而升高的趋势。抗-HAV流行率男性（15．36％）低于女性（8．44％）（χ^2=16．55,P=0．000）;HBV流行率男性（41．31％）高于女性（34．11％）（χ^2=8．524,P=-0．004）抗HCV流行率男性（35．90％）高于女性（24．50%）（χ^2=23．337,P=-0．000）抗-HEY流行率男性（11．70％）与女性（9．77％）差异无显著的统计学意义。各型肝炎病毒混合感染情况：双重型别肝炎病毒混合感染者占26．39％,3个型别肝炎病毒混合感染者占5．81％。结论肇庆市是全省病毒性肝炎高发区和高感染区,流行的主要类型是HBV和HCV;甲肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理近8年,1．9岁儿童抗-HAV阳性率较高,乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理近15年,〈15岁儿童乙肝感染率较低。     

非麻疹疫苗免疫目标人群麻疹血清流行病学研究

目的通过广州市白云区流行病学血清学研究,了解非麻疹疫苗免疫目标人群麻疹血清流行病学状况,为制定麻疹控制策略提供依据。方法选取新生儿、2～、4～、6～、8月龄未患过麻疹的常住婴儿及母亲配对作为研究对象,同时,在麻疹疫点应急接种时,采集15～35岁健康受种者免前及免后一个月血清。所有血清标本采用定量酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹抗体活性量(U/ml),≥200为阳性。结果新生儿麻疹抗体阳性率为100%,新生儿麻疹抗体活性量值是其母亲的1.66倍,婴儿麻疹抗体活性量水平的高低与母亲抗体活性量水平呈正相关(r=0.728,P=0.0032)。从2个月后婴儿母传抗体抗体活性量水平逐渐降低,6个月后抗体下降显著,至8月龄时,婴儿母传麻疹抗体几乎消失。128名健康成年人免前麻疹抗体阳性率为83.33%,麻疹抗体活性量值为2066.71±162.47,接种麻疹疫苗后,不同年龄段男女麻疹抗体水平显著高于接种前(P0.001)。结论白云区近年来非麻疹疫苗免疫目标人群麻疹发病持续上升,与这类人群麻疹抗体水平低有关。对成人进行麻疹疫苗接种,能取得良好免疫效果,尤其重视对育龄妇女接种麻疹疫苗,是降低这类人群麻疹发病率的主要措施。为减少8月龄前儿童发病数,应急免疫时可考虑将起始月龄提前到6月龄。