New evidence supporting lung cancer screening with low dose CT & surgical implications

IntroductionLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-death worldwide. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPTSF) approved screening for current or former smokers aged 55–80 based on the results of the National Lung Screening trial (NLST). Following the NLST, new evidence has emerged from clinical trials and updates to previous trials prior to the anticipated update to the USPSTF guideline. We review the new evidence on lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography (LDCT) and the surgical implications.MethodsA review of new literature was performed pertaining to lung cancer screening since implementation of UPSTF guidelines. Articles for inclusion were identified by both authors’, then search of the Pubmed and Cochrane database was performed from January 1st, 2013 through February 4th, 2020 using the MeSH search terms: “lung cancer”; “screening”; “low dose CT”. The results of these studies are summarized.ResultsWe identified multiple prospective randomized control trials and meta-analysis since the NLST supporting lung cancer-specific mortality with screening. We identified new nodule classification systems and the development of risk-models which may reduce false positive rates and identify high risk patients not currently eligible for screening. Finally, we discussed the surgical implications of screening.ConclusionNew data supports NLST findings and show ongoing benefit to LDCT for lung cancer screening. Standardized LDCT screening classification has been shown to reduce harm and lower false positive rates. Further study is needed regarding use of risk-modeling. Screening will require an increase in the thoracic workforce to accommodate the amount of surgically operable cancers.     

胸腔镜肺小结节切除术前微弹簧圈定位的临床应用研究

目的:研究孤立性肺结节(SPN)胸腔镜术前CT引导下双弹簧圈精准标记定位的应用价值。方法:回顾分析43例SPN胸腔镜术前定位病例资料，包括双弹簧圈组22例，Hook-wire定位组21例。统计双弹簧圈定位的术中、术后并发症，衔接期时间以及作楔形切除所用时间，并将两组结果进行对比分析。结果:两组病例定位均取得成功；双弹簧圈组的气胸发生率(9.0%)，肺出血发生率(9.0%)，胸痛发生率(9.0%)均低于Hook-wire组，其中肺出血发生率与Hook-wire组比较，差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)；衔接时间双弹簧圈组（15.38±8.32）h长于Hook-wire组（4.21±3.29）h，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；作楔形切除所用时间双弹簧圈组(21.01±7.14)min与Hook-wire组(18.22±5.18)min差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论:采用双微弹簧圈进行SPN胸腔镜手术前精准标记定位安全可靠、效果良好，与Hook-wire定位比较并发症发生率更低，并可获得更长的衔接期，具有较高的应用价值。     

硬质胸腔镜与可弯曲电子胸腔镜在不明原因胸腔积液中的应用价值

目的对比硬质胸腔镜与可弯曲电子胸腔镜在胸腔积液病因诊断中的价值。方法收集1992年4月~2013年11月在我院所有内科胸腔镜检查98例的资料,2011年前79例行硬质胸腔镜检查,以后19例行可弯曲电子胸腔镜检查。比较2组确诊率及操作并发症等方面的差异。结果硬质胸腔镜组镜下表现对恶性肿瘤的阳性预测值为89.1%(41/46),可弯曲胸腔镜组为75.0%(9/12),2组间差异无显著性(χ2=0.631,P=0.427)。胸腔镜活检病理与最终诊断方面,硬质胸腔镜组的总体确诊率为62.0%(49/79),对恶性肿瘤的确诊率为87.8%(43/49);可弯曲胸腔镜组的总体确诊率为63.2%(12/19),对恶性肿瘤的确诊率为100%(9/9),2组间差异无显著性(总体:χ2=0.008,P=0.927;恶性肿瘤:P=0.576)。硬质胸腔镜组2例(2.5%)胸腔镜活检病理结果与临床最终诊断不一致,但2组间差异无显著性(P0.05)。2组均未出现严重并发症。结论硬质胸腔镜与可弯曲电子胸腔镜对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值相当,对恶性胸腔积液有良好的诊断价值,两者均具有良好的安全性。     

VATS解剖性肺段切除术与肺叶切除术治疗Ⅰa期NSCLC患者的手术情 况及对肺功能影响的比较

目的:探讨电视胸腔镜（VATS）解剖性肺段切除术与肺叶切除术治疗Ia 期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的手术情况及对患者肺功能的影响。方法:选取我院手术治疗的Ⅰa期NSCLC患者，收集时间2014年1月至2016年12月，根据术式不同分为两组，均采用VATS手术治疗，A组（54例）患者采用解剖性肺段切除术、B组（60例）采用肺叶切除术治疗，对比两组患者的手术效果及术后肺功能变化。结果:A组患者的手术时间、清扫淋巴结数目与B组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；A组患者的手术出血量、术后胸腔引流量、术后拔管时间、术后住院时间均显著的低于B组患者（P<0.05）；术前，A组和B组患者的FEV1%、FVC%、MVV%测定值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），术后3个月复查，A组患者的FEV1%、FVC%、MVV%测定值均显著高于B组患者（P<0.05）；手术后，A组患者的并发症发生率（7.41%）低于B组患者（13.33%），但是差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:VATS解剖性肺段切除术治疗Ⅰa期NSCLC患者具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快、对患者肺功能影响更小的优势。     

手术视频联合PBL教学在胸外科实习教学中的应用及探讨

目的胸腔镜手术目前在胸外科已成为主流,这也给本科生实践教学带来了新的变革需求,我们鉴于上述教学问题,基于实习生反馈。对手术视频结合PBL的实践教学方式,进行了应用和探讨。方法本研究对象为2018年10月-2019年6月进入华西医院胸外科的本科实习生,随机分为两组:实验组(手术视频+PBL),对照组(传统教学组)。实验组通过微创手术视频,并配置PBL问题,进行讨论学习。结果本研究共纳入实习生61名(实验组26名,对照组35名),两组间基本资料差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。实验组理论成绩平均(92.7±4.9)分,显著高于对照组(84.6±5.8)分(P <0.01)。学生问卷显示在学习兴趣、专业理论、实习目标3个项目的评分,实验组均显著优于对照组。结论本研究初步探索并建立手术视频+PBL讨论的教学模式,该教学模式一定程度上解决了外科微创手术的教学障碍,有助于学生对专业知识的掌握。     

单孔胸腔镜手术在结核性脓胸治疗中的应用

目的探讨单孔胸腔镜手术治疗结核性脓胸的应用价值,并总结相关临床经验。方法回顾性分析我院胸外科2015年1月～2017年12月住院手术治疗的120例结核性脓胸患者。依据纳入、排除的相关标准,在知情同意下将纳入患者随机分为研究组(单孔胸腔镜手术组,60例)和对照组(传统开胸手术组,60例),比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、胸腔引流管时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症。结果两组患者围术期均无死亡病例,中转开胸3例,中转开胸率为5%(3/60)。单孔胸腔镜组与传统开胸组相比较,手术时间分别为(88.00±15.77)min、(87.52±15.66)min,术中出血量分别为(236.33±15.16)mL、(443.75±43.69)mL,术后引流量分别为(423.93±41.49)m L、(663.92±16.28)mL,胸腔引流管时间分别为(2.92±0.10)d、(4.35±1.44)d,术后住院时间分别为(11.50±2.51)d、(13.65±2.52)d,两组患者的术中出血量、术后引流量、胸腔引流管时间及术后住院时间相比,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。比较两组的手术时间,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。单孔胸腔镜组术后并发症的总的发生率为6.67%(4/60),传统开胸组术后并发症的总发生率为13.33%(8/60)。结论单孔胸腔镜手术治疗结核性脓胸创伤小、并发症少、住院时间短,患者恢复快,在临床应用中值得推广。但在临床实际中应根据患者病情合理选择手术方式。     

完全胸腔镜在肺癌根治术中的临床应用

目的对施行完全胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者的临床效果进行观察和分析。方法所有在2014年1月—2019年10月收治于本院并接受完全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术的患者均纳入研究,分成对照组与研究组各62例,分别给予传统开胸与完全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术治疗,观察两组术中及术后的主要情况。结果所有患者均顺利的完成了手术,围手术期均无发生严重的并发症,无患者死亡。研究组总体疗效明显优于对照组,其中具体表现在手术切口长度、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后拔管时间、住院时间以及并发症等方面均优于传统开胸组(P<0.05),而在手术时间与淋巴清扫数方面两者比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论完全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术具有创伤小、术中出血量少且术后恢复快、并发症少等优势,效果明显。     

Safety of thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer without interruption of anti-platelet agents

Background

Perioperative bleeding concerns have led to the general recommendation that antiplatelet agents (APAs) be discontinued 7-10 days preoperatively, but this could increase the risk of perioperative cardiovascular events. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the safety of APA continuation during thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer.

Methods

Between January 2009 and February 2015, 164 patients taking APAs underwent curative resection. Comparisons were conducted between two groups: preoperatively interrupted APA administration (group I, n=106) and continued APA administration (group N, n=58).

Results

Group N had a significantly higher revised cardiac risk index (rCRI) (P=0.001). Lobectomy was performed in the majority of patients [95 (89.6%) in group I; 52 (89.7%) in group N]. There were no significant differences in intraoperative outcomes, such as the thoracotomy conversion rate, operating time, intraoperative transfusion, and amount of blood loss during the operation, or postoperative outcomes, such as postoperative bleeding and thrombotic complications, postoperative transfusions, and operative mortality. Within group N, the patients taking aspirin + clopidogrel (n=11) had significantly greater postoperative bleeding (P=0.005), and more postoperative transfusions (P=0.003) and chest tube drainage over a 3-day period (P=0.049) compared with other antiplatelet regimens.

Conclusions

Continued use of APAs during thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer could be safely done in patients at high risk of cardiac or thrombotic events. However, in patients administered aspirin + clopidogrel, it may be the best to continue aspirin only because of an increased risk of postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirements.