Phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinical samples in North Iran

Background and study aimExtraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens, which causes a remarkable amount of morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles, phylogenetic groups, and subgroup analyses among the ExPEC strains isolated from hospitalized patients in north Iran.Patients and MethodsThis cross-sectional investigation was conducted at five educational hospitals in Rasht in north Iran. Using standard microbiological tests, 150 E. coli isolates were identified. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method. The double disk phenotypic confirmatory test was performed to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates. A triplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the phylogenetic group of each strain.ResultsThe results of antibiogram pattern showed that E. coli isolates were mostly non-susceptible to ampicillin (79.3%), followed by nalidixic acid (75.3%) and cephalothin (70%), whereas nitrofurantoin (94.7%) was the most effective agent, followed by imipenem (92.7%). The rate of ESBL-producing isolates was 53.3% (80/150). Multiplex PCR screening revealed that the most common phylogroup was the B2 group (97 isolates; 64.6%), followed by the D group (34, 22.7%). In contrast, phylogroup analyses showed that B2₃ (50.7%) and D₂ (16.4%) were the most common subgroups.ConclusionsOur findings indicated a considerable rate of antibiotic resistance and ESBL-producing isolates among E. coli strains isolated from clinical samples. Moreover, we reported a tendency that most isolates belonged to the B2 and D phylogroups. As a result, the detection of genotypic identical or similar isolates indicated that these isolates have an endurance capability in the hospital environment and could be transmitted among patients.     

血管生成素样蛋白与胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢的关系及在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS）是育龄期女性最常见的内分泌及代谢性疾病之一,PCOS患者发生心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的风险增加。越来越多的研究支持胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance,IR）是PCOS重要的病理机制之一。血管生成素样蛋白（angiopoietin-like proteins,ANGPTLs）家族是一类与血管生成素结构相似的分泌型糖蛋白,目前已发现8个成员,即ANGPTL1~ANGPTL8。ANGPTLs在PCOS患者血液中表达水平升高,并且与IR程度密切相关,ANGPTLs通过促进脂肪组织炎症、调节胰岛素分泌及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）信号通路等参与了IR和糖代谢,这很可能与PCOS的发病有关。综述ANGPTLs参与IR和糖代谢的机制及其在PCOS中的作用,以期进一步探讨ANGPTLs参与PCOS发病的机制,为预测和治疗PCOS提供新思路。     

Correlation analysis of intestinal flora and pathological process of type 2 diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveTo observe the relationship between the different stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the intestinal flora and verify its underlying mechanism.MethodsT2DM rats were generated by high-fat diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The rats were divided into four groups: the control group (fed with normal feed for 1 month), the HFD group (fed with HFD for 1 month), the T2DM group (HFD combined with STZ and blood glucose ≥11.1 mM), and the unformed T2DM model (Un-mod) group (HFD combined with STZ and blood glucose <11.1 mM). Feces were collected, and bacterial communities in the fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces was measured by gas chromatography. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and GPR43.ResultsAt different stages of T2DM, the intestinal flora and SCFAs content of rats were significantly decreased (all P < .05). Our results indicated that g__Prevotella had a significant negative correlation, and g__Ruminococcus_torques_group and g__lachnoclastic had a significant positive correlation with blood glucose. The content of SCFAs, in particular acetate and butyrate, in rat feces of different stages of T2DM were significantly reduced, as well as GPR41 and GPR43 expression. The results in the Un-mod group were similar to the T2DM group, and the expression of GPR41 and GPR43 proteins were significantly higher than those in the T2DM group (both P < .001).ConclusionThe intestinal flora–SCFAs–GPR41/GPR43 network may be important in the development of T2DM. Decreasing blood glucose levels by regulating the intestinal flora may become a new therapeutic strategy for T2DM, which has very important clinical and social values.     

早孕期监测子宫动脉多普勒参数在预测低危人群不良妊娠结局的价值

目的 建立妊娠11~13+6周子宫动脉多普勒参数在低危人群中的正常参考值，同时评估其对不良妊娠结局的预测价值。方法 收集2019年6月至2021年6月于我院行产前超声检查的妊娠11~13+6周孕妇，根据妊娠结局分组。收集两侧子宫动脉多普勒指标，包括搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）、舒张早期是否有切迹，以及孕妇基本临床资料和胎儿出生信息，将以上相关参数进行统计学分析。结果 最终纳入800例孕妇，包括正常妊娠结局组740例和不良妊娠结局组60例。两组孕妇体质量指数（BMI）、分娩孕周和胎儿出生体质量比较，差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。随着孕周的增加，子宫动脉两侧平均搏动指数（mPI）、平均阻力指数（mRI）和两侧舒张早期切迹检出率均呈逐渐下降的趋势。ROC曲线分析显示，mPI、mRI及两侧舒张早期切迹预测妊娠结局的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.542、0.574、0.521，三者联合预测妊娠结局的AUC为0.648；孕妇BMI、年龄mPI、mRI及两侧舒张早期切迹预测妊娠结局的AUC为0.751。结论 建立了低危人群在妊娠11~13+6周子宫动脉多普勒参数的正常参考值范围。在妊娠11~13+6周单纯应用子宫动脉多普勒参数预测妊娠结局的价值有限，将子宫动脉参数与临床相关指标结合可提高对不良妊娠结局的预测价值。     

宫颈癌免疫治疗的耐药机制及应对措施

宫颈癌严重威胁全球女性的生命健康，晚期宫颈癌治疗手段有限，5年生存率不到20%，是妇科肿瘤的巨大挑战。免疫治疗是晚期宫颈癌患者的重要治疗手段之一，包括免疫检查点抑制剂、治疗性疫苗和过继性T细胞免疫疗法等，但免疫治疗耐药性使部分患者无应答而效果不佳。因此，迫切需要深入研究和探讨免疫耐药的机制从而改善耐药，现归纳总结了近年有关宫颈癌中免疫耐药机制的相关研究，主要分为肿瘤内在因素和外在免疫环境改变等因素，并介绍针对免疫耐药提出的应对措施及进展。     

淄博市放射工作人员外周血淋巴细胞微核率分析

[摘要]?目的?探讨GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测技术在肺结核诊断中的应用价值。方法?以2020年7月—2021年6月在天门市第一人民医院治疗的疑似肺结核患者107例作为研究对象，所有患者均留取痰标本，进行痰涂片、痰培养、GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测、比例法药敏试验。以培养法和比例法药敏结果为金标准，计算GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis，MTB）及其对于利福平耐药性检测的灵敏度、特异度、与金标准的的一致率。结果?107例疑似肺结核患者中，痰涂片阳性39例（36.45%），涂片阴性68例（63.55%）。以痰培养结果为金标准，GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测TBM的灵敏度为85.42%（41/48），特异度为88.14%（52/59）。GeneXpert MTB/RIF与痰培养诊断一致率为86.92%（93/107）；进一步分析，GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测痰涂片阳性患者MTB的灵敏度为97.22%（35/36），特异度为33.33%（1/3），检测涂片阴性患者MTB的灵敏度为50.00%（6/12），特异度为91.07%（51/56）。以比例法药敏结果为金标准，确认痰培养阳性36例患者中利福平耐药有4例（11.11%），敏感的有32例（88.89%）；GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测痰培养阳性患者利福平耐药的灵敏度为75.00%（3/4），特异度为93.75%（30/32）。GeneXpert MTB/RIF与比例法药敏试验一致率为91.67%。结论?GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测技术对于肺结核诊断以及利福平的耐药分析具有重要实用价值，可以作为金标准。     

Azithromycin resistance and its molecular characteristics in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from a tertiary care centre in North India

Treatment guidelines for management of uncomplicated gonorrhoeae have been recently modified owing to alarming upsurge in azithromycin resistance. This study investigated the prevalence and genetic determinants of gonococcal azithromycin resistance in India. Four (5.7%) of 70 gonococcal isolates were resistant to azithromycin. Of 16 isolates investigated for molecular mechanisms of resistance, 13 (81.3%) and 6 (37.5%) isolates exhibited mutations in coding and promoter regions of mtrR gene, respectively. However, ermA, ermB and ermC genes or mutations in rrl gene were absent in all isolates. Azithromycin resistance is low in India posing no immediate threat to use of dual-therapy for syndromic management.     

弹性抗阻运动对慢性阻塞性肺疾病康复疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价弹性抗阻运动(弹力带/弹力管)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者康复疗效的影响。方法 检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、维普、万方和生物医学文献数据库中关于弹性抗阻运动治疗COPD患者的临床随机对照试验,检索时限自建库至2020年9月。最后纳入文献11篇,其中英文9篇,中文2篇,共485例患者。采用Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具及物理治疗证据数据库量表进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.2软件进行分析。这一系统评价在PROSPERO(CRD42020208659)上登记。结果 弹性抗阻运动组与传统抗阻运动组(如举重训练机、体重训练) 6 min步行试验距离(6WMD) (MD = 1.19, 95%CI -7.02~9.39, P = 0.78)、COPD患者自我评估测试(CAT) (MD = -0.43, 95%CI -2.42~1.57, P = 0.68)和肌力(MD = 0.23, 95%CI -1.06~1.52, P = 0.73)无显著性差异,两组间异质性不高。弹性抗阻运动组与非抗阻运动组6MWD (MD = 18.30, 95%CI -8.92~45.52, P = 0.19)和CAT (MD = -0.59, 95%CI -3.78~2.60, P = 0.72)无显著性差异,研究间异质性较高。结论 弹性抗阻运动也许是一种潜在的替代传统抗阻训练的方法,但弹性抗阻运动对运动耐力、生活质量、肺功能的影响尚不明确。     

宫颈癌顺铂耐药研究进展

顺铂（DDP）作为第一个被发现的金属抗癌药物，是目前最有潜力和应用最广泛的抗肿瘤药物。顺铂在宫颈癌的治疗中尤为重要，目前已被推荐为同步放化疗的首选药物。但随着广泛的使用，顺铂的耐药性逐渐显露出来，并成为限制临床疗效和部分患者肿瘤治疗进展的主要原因之一。顺铂的耐药机制复杂，发生环节较多，但具体耐药机制尚不明确，目前按照顺铂耐药发生的环节可分为:①顺铂在血液循环过程中产生耐药；②顺铂通过细胞膜的流入或流出产生耐药；③顺铂在胞质中产生耐药；④顺铂与DNA结合后产生耐药。本文综述了宫颈癌顺铂耐药可能发生的四个环节及克服耐药常用的手段，为提高顺铂对宫颈癌的疗效提供依据。