腔镜不停跳术对左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣重度反流疗效分析

目的 总结左侧心脏瓣膜置换术后远期出现孤立性重度三尖瓣关闭不全患者的腔镜辅助不停跳三尖瓣手术治疗经验。方法 11例心脏瓣膜疾病患者行左心瓣置换术后远期发生重度三尖瓣关闭不全并右心衰竭,8例出现心脏恶病质综合征及肝肾功能不全,予行再次三尖瓣手术,包括人工瓣环成形术2例,行三尖瓣置换术9例,其中置换生物瓣5例,双在叶机械瓣4例;在腔镜辅助下行心脏不停跳再次手术5例,常规再次心脏停搏手术6例。结果 2例围术期死亡,均为停跳组瓣膜置换病人。术后心包引流液量心脏不停跳组明显少于停跳组（P<0.05）。停跳组术后严重低心排血量综合征4例,不停跳组1例。两组术后1月复查超声心动图,右心房、室均明显缩小,三尖瓣无或少量反流,两组间无明显差异。获长期随访5例、随访时间25~86月、心功能Ⅱ级3例、Ⅲ级2例。结论 左心瓣膜置换术后远期孤立性重度三尖瓣关闭不全合并右心衰的再次手术死亡率高、合理掌握手术指征、手术时机、积极开展微创不停跳手术和良好的围术期治疗是手术成功的关键。对于终末期病例,手术死亡率高,应积极开展针对右心系统的心脏超声及磁共振检测指标,综合评估手术风险,常规换瓣手术指征需慎重,必要时可考虑微创经皮导管瓣膜植入术。     

浅低温心脏不停跳瓣膜置换手术中监测与护理进展

使心脏在有节律的空跳状态下完成心脏瓣膜替换手术,是90年代初期在国内兴起的一种较接近生理的心肌保护技术,在心脏外科手术领域应用的又一进展。该方法避免了传统的低温停跳心肌保护技术,无法避免的心肌缺血性损害及再灌注损伤等缺点[1],有效地防止了术后低心排血量综合征和严重心律失常,明显降低术后死亡率[2]。     

Evidence against systolic intramural forces as the primary cause of subendocardial preponderance of ischemia

Summary Verification of the current view that subendocardial preponderance of ischemia is due to greater forces generated in the deep myocardial layer during systole was undertaken. In anesthetized mongrel dogs transient ischemia was produced in two different situations of altered systolic forces. First, in order to remove that part of the systolic force which is related to intracavitary pressure, left ventricular bypass was created and the left ventricle vented. Second, in order to even out the transmural distribution of the remaining part of the forces, which is due directly to distortion and displacement of contracting fibers, ventricular fibrillation was induced in addition to venting under conditions of total cardiopulmonary bypass. In both series of experiments the ischemic area was then reperfused, normal circulation re-established and the animal allowed to survive for 3–5 days. After sacrifice, ischemic necrosis was found almost exclusively in the subendocardium. The persistence of subendocardial preponderance of ischemia under conditions of left ventricular venting and absence of coordinated contraction shows that uneven distribution of intramural forces generated during systole is not the primary cause of this preponderance.This study was supported by grants from the Polish Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (RMZ-I) and from the Polish Academy of Sciences (W. 10. 8. 4. 13. 05.).     

广西巴马小型猪用于心脏移植的研究

目的：探讨广西巴马小型猪游离心脏保存与心脏移植的意义和价值。方法：广西巴马小型猪24头（25~30 kg）,按随机方法分为供体组（n=12）和受体组（n=12）。两组麻醉后行胸部前正中切口。供体组先行前腔静脉放血,阻断升主动脉灌注心脏停跳液（4℃改良Thomas液）,切取的心脏置入4℃生理盐水,用UW液冲洗至清亮,低温保存8 h。受体组常规建立体外循环,全身降温至30℃。心肺机的灌注量为70 mL/kg。阻断升主动脉。切除受体组的心脏,保留左心房后部。供体心脏按原位放入受体心包内,连续外翻缝合左心房全部—右心房大部分,肺动脉半周和主动脉的全部;开放主动脉阻断钳、心脏复跳后继续完成肺动脉、右心房其余部分的吻合。心肺复苏,并行循环2 h。进行血流动力学测定。结果：实验中未见呼吸抑制而死亡。12头巴马小型猪供体心脏植入受体后,心脏均可复跳,未发生漏血现象并可以脱离体外循环。结论：广西巴马小型猪用于心脏移植的研究是较理想的动物之一。     

Current situation of donation after circulatory death in European countries

The aim of the present study was to describe the current situation of donation after circulatory death (DCD) in the Council of Europe, through a dedicated survey. Of 27 participating countries, only 10 confirmed any DCD activity, the highest one being described in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (mainly controlled) and France and Spain (mainly uncontrolled). During 2000–2009, as DCD increased, donation after brain death (DBD) decreased about 20% in the three countries with a predominant controlled DCD activity, while DBD had increased in the majority of European countries. The number of organs recovered and transplanted per DCD increased along time, although it remained substantially lower compared with DBD. During 2000–2008, 5004 organs were transplanted from DCD (4261 kidneys, 505 livers, 157 lungs and 81 pancreas). Short‐term outcomes of 2343 kidney recipients from controlled versus 649 from uncontrolled DCD were analyzed: primary non function occurred in 5% vs. 6.4% (P = NS) and delayed graft function in 50.2% vs. 75.7% (P < 0.001). In spite of this, 1 year graft survival was 85.9% vs. 88.9% (P = 0.04), respectively. DCD is increasingly accepted in Europe but still limited to a few countries. Controlled DCD might negatively impact DBD activity. The degree of utilization of DCD is lower compared with DBD. Short‐term results of DCD are promising with differences between kidney recipients transplanted from controlled versus uncontrolled DCD, an observation to be further analyzed.     

Characterization of the Withdrawal Phase in a Porcine Donation after the Cardiac Death Model

Transplantation of donation after cardiac death (DCD) livers has higher rates of organ failure and complications, specifically ischemic biliary injuries. Reported large animal DCD models all employ active means to halt circulation, contrary to human DCD protocol. We report a DCD porcine model in which the animal passively progresses to cardiac death, thereby more closely mimicking human DCD scenario. Sixteen Yorkshire pigs (10 females, 6 males, 30–45 kg) had a mean time of 26:19 min ± 14:14 from withdrawal of ventilatory support (WVS) to circulatory arrest and 44:38 min ± 16:37 from WVS to electrical standstill. Cessation of hepatic flow (HF) occurred well before electrical standstill (22:15 min ± 10:09), previously not described in human or animal DCD. Histologically comparing livers from our DCD model demonstrated a dramatic increase in hepatocyte vacuolization, disorganization of endoplasmic reticulum, formation of mitochondrial inclusions and apoptosis compared with control specimens. Subtle changes were also evident in biliary epithelial cells (BEC). This results in severe cellular changes before reperfusion. Early histologic evidence suggests that there is severe hepatocyte and biliary cell disruption in our DCD model. Further research using this model may provide a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of the DCD liver.     

振动排痰机对股骨颈骨折术后并发肺部感染老年患者血气分析指标的影响

目的探讨振动排痰机对股骨颈骨折术后并发肺部感染老年患者血气分析指标的影响。方法将26例股骨颈骨折术后并发肺部感染老年患者,根据不同排痰方法分为振动排痰机组(13例)及人工扣背组(13例)。比较两组患者血气分析指标变化情况的差异。结果人工扣背组患者排痰后除血氧饱和度(SaO2)指标外,其余指标排痰前后比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。振动排痰机组患者排痰后SaO2、氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)指标均较排痰后有明显改善,排痰前后比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。排痰后两组患者PaO2和PaCO2指标组间比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论采用振动排痰机可改善股骨颈骨折术后并发肺部感染老年患者血气分析指标和肺通气,具有良好辅助治疗作用。其操作便利,值得临床应用推广。     

Wash‐out of the non‐heart‐beating donor liver: a matter of flush solution and temperature?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ischemically damaged donor livers are prone to graft non-function. This can in part be explained by a suboptimal wash-out during procurement. An enriched machine perfusion (MP) preservation solution for livers, named Polysol, was developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the type of flush solution, temperature and anticoagulant content on the wash-out of the non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) rat liver. METHODS: Rat livers were flushed after 30 min warm ischemia. After excision, livers were reperfused at 37 degrees C, with analysis of damage and function, concerning (1) solutions (University of Wisconsin (UW), histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) and Polysol); (2) temperature (4 degrees C, 18 degrees C and 37 degrees C); (3) addition of heparin and (4) wash-out followed by 24 h MP. RESULTS: (1) Reperfusion results were inferior in the UW group; (2) less damage and improved function were seen after wash-out using Polysol at 37 degrees C; (3) No effects were seen of the addition of heparin to Polysol; (4) MP after wash-out using HTK resulted in more liver damage and decreased liver function as compared with wash-out using Polysol. CONCLUSIONS: Polysol is applicable as a flush solution for the NHBD liver, resulting in equal to better wash-out as compared with UW and HTK. The best temperature for this NHBD wash-out is 37 degrees C.     

Operative Factors that Contribute to Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from a Prospective Randomized Trial

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common complication following cardiac surgery and is associated with significant increases in postoperative morbidity, length of stay and cost of care. In a randomized study we assessed the impact of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (off-pump, n = 100), compared to conventional (on-pump, n = 100) CABG, on the frequency of postoperative AF. Arrhythmias were detected using an automated arrhythmia detector for the first 72 hours following surgery and by four hourly clinical observations thereafter. AF was defined as an irregular narrow complex rhythm (in the absence of bundle branch block) with absence of discrete P waves lasting greater then 10 minutes. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative AF in the off-pump group (11% versus 45%, P < 0.001) in addition to significant reductions in blood usage, postoperative pneumonia, inotrope requirements, and hospital and intensive care unit stay. Univariate analysis identified all these variables as risk factors for AF, however multivariate regression analysis identified CPB and cardioplegic arrest as the only independent predictor of postoperative AF (OR 7.4; 95% CI 3.4 to 17.9). This study therefore suggests that the inflammatory response to bypass, myocardial ischaemia and atrial cannulation are significant contributory factors to the development of AF following cardiac surgery. In the light of more recent trials it is apparent that this benefit may be most marked in patients with multiple perioperative risk factors for postoperative AF.