Urological infections after endourological procedures

In the past two decades, endourological procedures such as ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) have become the mainstay of managing kidney stone disease (KSD), with URS also used for investigating upper urinary tract lesions. Post-endourological infections affect between 1% and 6% of cases. Numerous risk factors have been identified, including longer operative times and indwelling ureteric stents, but the literature is largely heterogeneous. Identification of risk factors preoperatively include the use of pre-operative urine culture, minimizing stent dwell time and targeted antibiotic use. Intraoperatively, efforts need to be made in minimizing operative times and intra-renal pressures. Although rare, urinary tract infections following endourological procedures remain a risk, with a smaller minority developing potentially deadly urosepsis. Clinical decisions on prevention and treatment of severe sepsis have to be individualized based on the risk factors. Machine learning techniques are currently being utilized to build these tools and might provide an answer in the future.     

输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的三种微创手术疗效分析

目的比较经尿道输尿管镜碎石取石术（URL）、微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术（MPCNL）和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石（RLU）三种微创手术处理输尿管上段嵌顿性结石疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年12月至2017年12月在我院治疗的输尿管上段嵌顿性结石69例，其中URL组23例，MPCNL组26例，RLU组20例。 结果三组患者年龄、结石位置、结石大小、肾积水比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。三组手术时间、术后住院日分别为URL组（34±11）min、（3.2±2.5）d，MPCNL组（59±12）min、（5.5±2.2）d，RLU组（122±25）min、（8.3±2.1）d，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；三组手术成功率、1个月净石率分别为，URL组82.6%（19/23）、78.3%（18/23），MPCNL组100%（26/26）、100%（26/26），RLU组95%（19/20）、100%（20/20），URL与其余两组对比差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论MPCNL具有手术时间短、成功率高、净石率高特点，治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石效果确切，若合并肾结石可作为首选治疗；URL不推荐作为输尿管上段结石首先治疗；RLU可作为输尿管上段嵌顿结石可选择性治疗。     

经皮肾镜与输尿管软镜治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的比较

目的比较经皮肾镜（PCNL）与输尿管软镜（FURS）治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的安全性及有效性。 方法回顾性纳入并分析我院2017年4月至2019年4月43例肾下盏小鹿角形结石,其中PCNL治疗20例（PCNL组）,FURS治疗23例（FURS组）,比较两组手术时间、结石清除率、手术并发症和术后住院天数等。 结果43例均顺利完成手术,PCNL组的手术时间、术后住院天数均显著长于FURS组（P<0.05）;术后1~4 d PCNL组结石清除率85.0%,显著高于FURS组52.2%,术后4周及术后半年两组结石清除率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但FURS组的二次干预率更高（P<0.05）;两组在术后发热、出血及石街形成等方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但PCNL组的血红蛋白丢失量及术后止痛药使用率更高（P<0.05）。 结论PCNL与FURS在治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石均安全、有效,两者远期疗效相当,但FURS比PCNL创伤更小,术后恢复更快,值得临床推广。     

经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管石街

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotripsy,PCNL）联合经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管石街的可行性。方法 2008年3月～2011年10月对27例经B超、KUB、泌尿系CT三维重建等检查确诊的输尿管石街,在输尿管镜下气压弹道加水冲将石街推至肾盂或输尿管上段,再行PCNL。结果 23例1次取石成功,3例2次取石成功,1例因输尿管下端闭锁无法进镜,仅行经皮肾造瘘置管引流术。19例随访3～12个月,平均6个月,8例积水完全消失,7例轻度积水,4例中度积水,无出血、输尿管梗阻、结石复发。结论 PCNL联合输尿管镜气压弹道治疗输尿管石街,疗效确切、安全。     

行标准通道经皮肾镜碎石清石术患者肾内血流动力学变化的临床观察

目的 探讨标准通道经皮肾镜碎石清石术(PCNL)对患者肾血流动力学的近远期影响.方法 选取行标准通道经皮肾镜碎石清石术的43例患者,采用彩色多普勒超声对其各级肾动脉的血流参数进行评估,并于术后1d、1周、1个月进行复查,统计分析其手术前后的血流动力学变化规律.结果 术后1d,患者肾主动脉、段间动脉、叶间动脉及小叶间动脉的收缩期最高流速(PSV)、舒张期最低流速(EDV)及平均血流速度(Vm)较术前显著降低(P＜0.05);阻力指数(RI)较术前显著升高(P＜0.05).术后1周,患者各级肾动脉的PSV、EDV及Vm有所回升,RI有所下降,基本恢复至术前水平(P＞0.05);术后1个月,患者各级肾动脉的PSV、EDV及Vm显著高于术前水平(P＜0.05),RI显著低于术前水平(P＜0.05).结论 基于微创标准通道PCNL术对肾脏血流灌注有短暂的抑制效应;然而,随着术后时间的延长和血运障碍的缓解,患者各项血流动力学参数均可得到有效改善.     

PCNL术后肾出血介入止血的临床研究

目的研究PCNL术后肾出血的介入止血方法及效果。方法8例PCNL术后肾出血患者均采用Seldingers法穿刺右侧股动脉，超选择插管至肾动脉或肾段动脉行DSA检查，进一步超选插管至肾动脉出血口，以明胶海绵颗粒（条）进行栓塞，必要时加PVA或弹簧圈等栓塞材料栓塞止血。结果介入方法栓塞治疗PCNL术后肾出血8例，Hb和RBC递增，5～7天痊愈出院。结论介入方法为PCNL术后肾出血止血安全最有效方法。     

经皮肾镜钬激光联合超声碎石治疗鹿角形肾结石:附36例报告

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)钬激光联合超声碎石治疗鹿角形肾结石的可行性和疗效。方法 2010年4月至2011年5月,我院共对36例鹿角形肾结石实施了PCNL钬激光联合超声碎石治疗。首先建立22F的手术通道,钬激光快速将结石击碎为10mm内碎石,再通过超声碎石将结石清除,对于需要建立的的其他通道均采用18F或16F的微通道。结果手术均取得成功,单通道取石29例,双通道取石7例,平均手术时间105min。一次手术取净结石26例(72.2%),二次手术联合体外冲击波碎石取石术(ESWL)治疗7例。术后随访1～3个月,总无石率91.7%,无严重并发症发生。结论 PCNL联合钬激光和超声碎石治疗鹿角形肾结石具有清石效率高、手术时间短、无石率高、并发症少等优点。     

Ureteroscopy assisted retrograde nephrostomy: a new technique for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Retrograde nephrostomy was first developed by Lawson et al. in 1983, and Hunter et al. reported 30 cases of retrograde nephrostomy in 1987. This procedure uses less radiation exposure and has a shorter duration compared with the previous percutaneous nephrostomy techniques. Retrograde nephrostomy using Lawson's procedure was reported in the late 1980s by several authors. But since then, few studies have been reported about this procedure due to the development of ultrasonography assisted percutaneous nephrostomy. With the arrival and development of the flexible ureteroscope (URS) both observation and manipulation in the renal pelvis are now easily achieved. The present procedure provides less radiation exposure, less bleeding, and a shorter procedure than previous percutaneous nephrostomy techniques. Using this procedure, after the needle has exited through the skin, no further steps are required in preparation for dilatation. In the present study, we continuously visualised from puncture to inserting the nephron‐access sheath with the URS.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To describe a technique for ureteroscopy assisted retrograde nephrostomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? Under general and epidural anaesthesia, the patient is placed in a modified‐Valdivia position. Flexible ureteroscopy is carried out, and a Lawson retrograde nephrostomy puncture wire is placed in the ureteroscope (URS).
• ? After the needle has exited through the skin, no further steps are required in preparation for dilatation.

RESULTS

• ? After informed consent was obtained, two patients (a 43‐year‐old man with left renal stones and a 57‐year‐old woman with right renal stones) underwent this procedure.
• ? The URS was positioned in the middle posterior calyx and punctured toward the skin.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? This procedure involves less radiation exposure and shorter surgery than the previous percutaneous nephrostomy technique.
• ? Our technique represents another new option for percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with a non‐dilated intrarenal collecting system.