Cuantificación y tratamiento de la congestión en insuficiencia cardíaca: una visión clínica y fisiopatológica

Renal sodium and water retention with resulting extracellular volume expansion and redistribution are hallmark features of heart failure syndromes. However, congestion assessment, monitoring, and treatment represent a real challenge in daily clinical practice. This document reviewed historical and contemporary evidence of available methods for determining volume status and discuss pharmacological aspects and pathophysiological principles that underlie diuretic use.     

Evidence for a reflex provoking contraction of the renal pelvis (with some comments on its clinical implications)

The effect of swallowing a small quantity of water or of solid food (biscuit) on the renogram curve was observed in 177 patients. Swallowing provoked contraction of the renal pelvis in 63% of the kidneys with a pelvicalyceal system which was neither obstructed nor dilated, with expulsion of a substantial fraction of the contents within 30 s. This did not occur in obstructed or denervated kidneys, nor in patients with a high transection of the spinal cord. Evidence is adduced that this contraction is mediated reflexly. This effect may be used diagnostically to distinguish physiological dilatation from obstruction. The implications when performing and interpreting renography are discussed. Correspondence to: M.V. Merrick     

Diuretic treatment and serum lipoproteins: Effects of tienilic acid and indapamide

Summary Treatment with the commonly used diuretic, chlorthalidone, has previously been found to increase the serum low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) fraction. Therefore, the effects of two new agents, tienilic acid (a combined diuretic-uricosuric) and indapamide on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were assessed. Six weeks of treatment with tienilic acid, 250 mg/day, markedly decreased serum uric acid and significantly increased LDL-C and triglycerides in 16 men. In contrast, indapamide 2.5 mg/day, had no apparent influence on serum lipids or lipoproteins in 18 men.Supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation     

充血性心力衰竭合并低钠血症58例

目的总结分析充血性心力衰竭合并低钠血症的治疗有关资料,引起临床医生对心衰并发低钠血症治疗的重视。方法对我院收治心衰并发低钠血症58例患者的病史、血清钠、心衰治疗情况进行分析。结果本组54例经治疗血钠浓度逐渐恢复、心衰纠正,2例(其中1例合并低渗性脑病)治疗无效死亡,2例因病情严重要求出院最后死亡。病死率为6.8%,且与心衰严重程度、低血钠程度呈正相关。应用小剂量地高辛和卡托普利、间歇有效利尿并适当补充钠钾镁等综合措施治疗心力衰竭,有助于提高心衰缓解率和降低低钠血症的发生率。结论心力衰竭并低钠血症在临床上并不少见,其严重性应引起临床医生的重视,预后与是否合并低钠血症及其性质、程度及低渗性脑病有关,低钠血症是心力衰竭死亡的重要预测指标。     

Potassium,Magnesium, and Electrolyte Imbalance and Complications in Disease Management

Electrolyte balance is a critical issue in managing comorbid conditions in both diseased and elderly patients. Patients with hypertension and diabetes need careful regulation of their calcium and magnesium levels, whereas in patients with congestive heart failure, sodium and potassium levels also are critical. Herein we report the outcome of a round table discussion at which issues of renal magnesium clearance, magnesium and arrhythmic risk, ion balance in heart failure, diabetes, ischemic stress, oxidative stress in the cardiomyopathy of magnesium deficiency, roles of magnesium and potassium in bone metabolism and the aging population, and the role of electrolyte balance in hypertension have been discussed. In all these issues the maintaining homeostasis of potassium and magnesium is critical and the various therapies that impact on retaining these ions were discussed. Hallmark studies, i.e., Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial and Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction, have provided insight into treatment of patients with cardiovascular and progressive heart failure. These studies and the availability of potassium- and magnesium-sparing diuretics for use in these disorders provide relevant perspectives for treatment.     

18F-FDG PET/CT利尿延迟显像膀胱放射性廓清效果的影响因素

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT利尿延迟显像膀胱放射性廓清效果的影响因素。方法 回顾性收集85例盆腔利尿延迟显像患者的PET/CT资料,测量膀胱常规及利尿延迟显像最大标准化摄取值（SUV_max）,记录延迟时间;分析常规显像膀胱SUV_max、呋塞米注射途径（静脉注射或肌内注射）、延迟时间、年龄、性别因素对利尿延迟显像膀胱SUV_max的影响。结果 根据呋塞米注射途径不同,分为静脉注射组（n=34）和肌内注射组（n=51）,2组利尿延迟显像膀胱SUV_max分别为3.10（2.60,3.45）和2.90（2.30,3.90）,差异无统计学意义（Z=-0.894,P=0.372）;延迟显像时间分别为¹⁸F-FDG注射后（215.00±30.03）min和（198.43±25.19）min,差异有统计学意义（t=-2.655,P=0.010）。2组间年龄差异无统计学意义（t=1.150,P=0.253）,2组中不同性别患者间延迟显像膀胱SUV_max差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。静脉注射组和肌内注射组利尿延迟显像膀胱SUV_max与延迟时间和患者年龄均无明显相关性。结论 注射¹⁸F-FDG后充分水化、应用呋塞米利尿,约180 min行盆腔延迟显像能显著降低膀胱放射性,患者年龄、性别、呋塞米注射途径对于膀胱放射性廓清效果无明显影响。     

新活素联合小剂量速尿治疗急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭疗效评价

目的观察新活素(rh BNP)联合小剂量速尿治疗急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭的疗效。方法 50例急性心肌梗死伴心力衰竭患者随机分为治疗组(24例)和对照组(26例),治疗组在对照组基础上加rh BNP(0.5 mg·支-1,1.5μg·kg-1负荷剂量静脉推注3~5 min,然后以0.01μg·min-1·kg-1的速度持续滴注72 h,对照组予40 mg·d-1速尿静脉注射、病因治疗、扩血管等对症治疗,观察2组患者治疗前后相关心功能指标、血清脑利钠肽(BNP)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)浓度的变化。结果治疗前后2组患者左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)变化差异无统计学意义,治疗组LVEF明显升高(P<0.05),2组血浆BNP、血清hs-CRP水平均有下降(P<0.05),且治疗组较对照组改善更优(P<0.05)。结论 rh BNP联合小剂量速尿疗效明显优于速尿一般治疗,能有效改善急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者症状,减少利尿剂抵抗。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在伴利尿剂抵抗的2型心肾综合征中的应用价值

目的 探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）在伴利尿剂抵抗的2型心肾综合征中的应用价值。方法 收集伴利尿剂抵抗的2型心肾综合征患者41例,入ICU后予CRRT治疗,观察CRRT治疗前后平均动脉压、中心静脉压、休克指数、氧合指数、尿量、血浆氨基末端B型利钠肽前体、肌酐、碳酸氢根等临床数据及血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、C反应蛋白（CRP）等炎症因子水平的变化。结果CRRT治疗后,患者中心静脉压、氧合指数、尿量、血浆氨基末端B型利钠肽前体、肌酐、碳酸氢根及炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平较治疗前明显好转（均P＜0.05）,而平均动脉压、休克指数、超声心动图及CRP水平均无明显变化（均P＞0.05）。结论CRRT对伴利尿剂抵抗的2型心肾综合征,尤其是重症心肾综合征患者有极大的应用价值。     

茯黄颗粒利尿作用的实验研究

目的 研究茯黄颗粒对盐水负荷模型大鼠的利尿作用。方法 以大鼠盐水负荷模型为研究对象,以氢氯噻嗪片为阳性对照,以大鼠药后6 h内的排尿量、尿液Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-含量和尿液pH值为检测指标,评价茯黄颗粒的利尿作用。结果 与正常对照组比较,茯黄颗粒2.16 g·kg^-1组药后2 h内大鼠尿量和6h尿液Na⁺含量明显增加;茯黄颗粒4.32 g·kg^-1组药后4 h内大鼠尿量和6 h尿液Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-含量明显增加;茯黄颗粒各剂量组对大鼠尿液pH值均未见明显影响。结论 茯黄颗粒具有明显的利尿作用,其作用机制可能与促进Na⁺、K⁺和Cl^－的排泄有关。