Autotransfusion after open heart surgery: the oxygen delivery capacity of shed mediastinal blood is maintained

Autotransfusion of mediastinal shed blood after open heart surgery has become a common and accepted procedure in reducing the need for homologous transfusion during the last 15 years. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the oxygen delivery capacity of autotransfused shed mediastinal blood, compared to patient-blood, during cardiopulmonary bypass and in the postoperative period.
Ten consecutive patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were studied. Mediastinal shed blood was collected in the cardiotomy reservoir and retransfused during the first 18 postoperative hours. The oxygen delivery capacity of the blood to the tissues was calculated by use of the oxygen status algorithm (OSA 2.0) programme and measurement of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration.
Autotransfusion volume ranged from 450–1530 ml per patient (median 824 ml). Shed blood had a mean haemoglobin level of 8.8 g/dl and 7.4 g/dl at 1 h and 6 h of autotransfusion, respectively. There were no significant changes of 2,3-DPG concentration in the patient-blood during cardiopulmonary bypass or after autotransfusion compared to preoperative values. P50 for oxygen (3.6 and 3.6 kPa) and 2,3-DPG concentrations (5.3 and 5.1 mikromol/ml erythrocyte) in shed mediastinal blood (1h and 6h postoperatively) were not significantly different compared to patient-blood.
The results demonstrate that the oxygen delivery capacity of shed mediastinal blood is maintained and that the oxygen affinity of patient-blood is not influenced by autotransfusion.     

A simple method for screening assessment of acute toxicity of chemicals

We proposed a simple method for screening assessment of acute oral and dermal toxicity using only three rats and mice of each sex at each dose level. Animals were first treated with chemicals at a dose of 2000 mg/kg and were carefully observed for compound-related morbidity and mortality. If none of the animals died, the following toxicity tests were suspended. If some of the animals died, toxicity tests at doses of 200 and 20 mg/kg were performed. The approximate LD₅₀ values calculated by this method showed little difference between two separate laboratories and were in good agreement with LD₅₀ values reported in the literature. Our toxicological data also showed that LD₅₀ values were about 2–2.5 times the MNLD (maximum non lethal dose) in acute oral and dermal toxicity. This meant that a chemical could be regarded as having an LD₅₀ of about 4000 mg/kg or higher when there was no mortality at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. A chemical with such low toxicity would not require further testing for lethal effects. Therefore, this simple method combining the fixed-dose procedure with the limit test is suitable for determination of approximate LD₅₀ values of chemicals and for screening for necessity for classical full LD₅₀ test using many animals.This work was supported by a grant from Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan (No. 467 and 511)     

Structure-acute toxicity relationship of aromatic hydrocarbons in mice

The structure-acute toxicity relationship of aromatic hydrocarbons was examined in mice. In all test compounds, the acute toxicity was determined under 2 conditions: control LD₅₀ (LD₅₀-cont) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-pretreated LD₅₀ (LD₅₀-CCl₄). The CCl₄-pretreatment was done in order to evaluate the toxic potency of compound itself without the influence of metabolism. Both log (1/LD₅₀-cont) and log (1/LD₅₀-CCl₄) were functions of the log P, n-octanol/water partition coefficient, i.e., log (1/LD₅₀-cont) = 0.080 log P − 1.532 and log (1/LD₅₀-CCl₄) = −0.040(log P)² + 0.157 log P − 1.373. Both equations were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The ratio of LD₅₀-cont/LD₅₀-CCl₄ indicated that metabolic activation is more evident in hydrophobic compounds than in hydrophilic compounds. The results suggest that hydrophobicity of the aromatic hydrocarbons plays an important role in determining their acute toxicity.     

-Hydroperoxy diethyl peroxide, an unusual natural compound isolated from an ascidian (Phallusia mammillata): acute toxicity in DDY mice

-Hydroperoxy diethyl peroxide, a novel compound found in the tunic of ascidians, has two peroxide moieties per molecule. Since ascidians are a widely served food item in Japan, human exposure to this compound potentially exists in the seafood preparation industries. No toxicological data have so far been published on this compound, and so we determined the intraperitoneal 6-day LD₅₀ in mice and conducted histopathological examinations. The 6-day LD₅₀, was found to be 199 mg/kg with 95% confidence limits of 126–314 mg/kg. Histopathological examination revealed necrosis induced in a variety of cells that had been directly exposed to the compound. These cells included hepatocytes, parenchymal pancreatic cells and fat cells. It is concluded that direct contact with this compound is likely to elicit cellular necrosis of various organs. The specific toxicological effects are probably dependent on the route of exposure.     

Prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times in toxicology: a comparison of different blood withdrawal sites for wistar rats

The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) for untreated male Wistar rats were determined on the Sysmex CA-5000 Instrument for blood taken from the orbital sinus, tail vein, vena cava and aorta. Boxplot and statistical analysis was performed. Only orbital sinus puncture yields unpredictable and unacceptable variation/prolongation of clotting times.     

K562／ADM耐药细胞株的建立及其生物学特性的初步观察

我们建立的K562/ADM耐药细胞株,在ADM浓度为2.4μg/m1(4.46μM)中已稳定培养3.5个月,传了30—35代,K562/ADM亦具有多药耐受件(Multidrug Resistance,MDR)的特点,对ADM、VCR、AT—1258和DDP的耐受性分别为K562的114.7、94.0、13.3和7.4倍,但对5—FU不产生交叉耐药。K562和K562/ADM的倍增时间分别为19.2h和52.8h,集落生成率分别为37.5％和11.1％,K562染色体数为34—68,中位数为56;K562/MDM染色体数为32—90,中位数为50,K562/ADM可做为耐药机理和克服耐药措施研究的极好模型。     

Infection dynamics and virus-induced apoptosis in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production—Flow cytometry and mathematical modeling

Cell culture-based influenza vaccine manufacturing is of growing importance. Depending on virus strains, differences in infection dynamics, virus-induced apoptosis, cell lysis and virus yields are observed. Comparatively little is known concerning details of virus–host cell interaction on a cellular level and virus spreading in a population of cells in bioreactors. In this study, the infection of MDCK cells with different influenza A virus strains in lab-scale microcarrier culture was investigated by flow cytometry. Together with the infection status of cells, virus-induced apoptosis was monitored. A mathematical model has been formulated to describe changes in the concentration of uninfected and infected adherent cells, dynamics of virus particle release (infectious virions, hemagglutinin content), and the time course of the percentage composition of the cell population.     

拜虫杀和杀飞克对3种卫生害虫的药效报告

本文报道了两种菊酯类卫生杀虫剂，在不同载体表面对３种卫生害虫的触杀试验。结果：（１）拜虫杀在玻璃板面上６．２５ｍｇ／ｍ２时对家蝇速效ＫＴ（５０）为３．３ｍｉｎ；淡色库蚊为４．３ｍｉｎ；持效均达４９天；对德国小蠊ＫＴ（５０）为５．６ｍｉｎ，持效４２天。在木板表面１２．５ｍｇ／ｍ２时，对家蝇速效ＫＴ（５０）为４．３ｍｉｎ，对淡色库蚊为４．６ｍｉｎ，对前者持效４９天，后者４２天。对德国小蠊ＫＴ（５０）为４．９ｍｉｎ，持效３５天。在水泥板面２５ｍｇ／ｍ２时，对家蝇速效ＫＴ（５０）为４／ｍｉｎ，对淡色库蚊为５．０ｍｉｎ，前者持效３５天，后者４２天。对德国小蠊速效ＫＴ（５０）为６．４ｍｉｎ，持效２１天。（２）杀飞克在玻璃面上７．５ｍｇ／ｍ２时，对家蝇速效ＫＴ（５０）为３．７ｍｉｎ，对淡色库蚊为５．１ｍｉｎ，持效均达４９天。在木板面上１５ｍｇ／ｍ２时，对家蝇速效ＫＴ（５０）为４．２ｍｉｎ，对淡色库蚊为６．０ｍｉｎ，对前者持效４９天，后者为４２天。在水泥板面３０ｍｇ／ｍ２时，对家蝇速效Ｋｔ（５０）为４．４ｍｉｎ，对淡色库蚊为５．０ｍｉｎ，对前者持效３５天，后者４２天；对德国小蠊速效ＫＴ（５０）为６．４ｍｉｎ，持效２１天。     

吡哌酸锌对小鼠烫伤感染的体表保护作用

目的观察吡哌酸锌软膏对烫伤后常见的感染菌绿脓肝菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的保护作用，并与阳性对照药磺胺嘧啶银霜、磺胺嘧啶锌软膏进行对比。方法取18～22克小鼠，在麻醉下将其尾部造成烫伤，然后再分别将其尾部没入绿脓肝菌和金黄色葡萄球菌液内，使其感染，尾部套上塑料管，将不同浓度的吡哌酸锌，磺胺嘧啶锌软膏及磺胺嘧啶银霜注入管内，封闭，连续观察14d内小鼠死亡现象拼进行显著性检验；结果综合计算法计算各药ED50为：（1）金黄色葡萄球菌，吡哌酸锌软膏ED50=69．84±18．27mg·kg－1，磺胺嘧啶银霜ED50=73．49±19．98mg·kg。（2）绿脓杆菌，吡哌酸锌软ED50=58．16±15.22mg·kg－1，磺胺嘧啶银霜ED50=80．1±2.24mg·kg－1。磺胺嘧啶锌软膏浓度低于0．4％即有明显抗菌作用。结论吡哌酸锋软膏、磺胺嘧啶银霜、磺胺嘧啶软膏均有明显抗菌作用，前两者相比没有显著差异，但吡哌酸锌软膏的抗菌作用比磺胺胺嘧啶锌强。     

Two Cases of Peritoneal Serous Papillary Adenocarcinoma

Two cases of peritoneal papillary carcinoma are reported. The patient in the first case was a 71-year-old woman with symptoms of obstructive ileus. Laparotomy revealed a tumor in the omentum involving the transverse colon, and several small tumors in the peritoneum and pelvic wall. However, no primary site of the tumor was seen in the ovary, pancreas, or gastrointestinal tract. The patient in the second case was a 44-year-old woman with carcinomatous peritonitis. Postmortem examination revealed multiple tumors in the peritoneum, omentum, and pelvic wall. Tumors were also found in the cortex with mild invasion of the underlying parenchyma of the bilateral ovaries, although these lesions were thought to be metastatic. The histologic features of the tumor in both cases were those of tubulopapillary adenocarcinoma containing scattered psammoma bodies. The cells were positive with the PAS D technique, but negative with alcian blue staining. In both cases, the serum levels of CA-125 were considerably elevated, and the tumor cells showed positivity for CA-125, S 100 protein, cytokeratin and EMA by im-munohistochemistry. The present cases were most likely peritoneal serous papillary adenocarcinoma derived from extraovarian peritoneal mesothelium with miillerian potential, being different from the usual type of diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 642-646, 1991.