儿童期创伤应对方式自动思维与大学生抑郁特质间的关系

目的探讨儿童期创伤与抑郁特质之间的中介和调节机制,为开展相关研究和干预提供参考。方法2017-2018年采用整群抽样的方法,抽取湖南某高校大一年级2 786名学生完成儿童期创伤问卷、状态特质抑郁问卷、自动思维问卷和特质应对方式问卷的调查。结果儿童期创伤、自动思维和消极应对对抑郁特质起正向的预测作用,积极应对对抑郁特质起负向的预测作用(β值分别为0.12,0.43,0.14,-0.33,P值均<0.05)。自动思维中介儿童期创伤与抑郁特质之间的关系(Bootstrapping法的95%CI为0.03~0.06)。消极应对分别调节了儿童期创伤与自动思维和儿童期创伤与抑郁特质之间的关系(P值均<0.05)。结论儿童期创伤影响抑郁特质,其关系受到应对方式和自动思维的影响。     

‘Makin’ it’ in the Heartland: Exploring perceptions of success among second-generation immigrant youth in St. Louis

IntroductionDebates in the literature on youth transitions and on immigrant adaptation acknowledge that recent societal shifts have altered the conditions for young people growing up today. As a result, traditional notions of success may limit our understanding of the mechanisms that lead to differential transitional and adaptation pathways among today's children of immigrants. This study explores the definitions of success among a sample of Bosnian-origin youth in St. Louis.MethodThe analysis is based on the first wave of in-depth qualitative interviews with 58 Bosnian second-generation youth (age 15–23) in St. Louis. Interviews lasted 45–90 min, were conducted in English, transcribed and coded following an inductive analytic logic.ResultsOverall the respondents complemented traditional notions of success, such as material stability and family formation with more subjective indicators such as self-fulfillment and happiness.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance for future waves of data collection to trace how definitions of success evolve and how they shape particular trajectories of the youth in our study. On a more general level, these findings urge researchers to incorporate definitions of success that are not primarily based on social and economic status mobility in an effort to generate a more nuanced understanding of the adaptations and transitions to adulthood of today's children of immigrants.     

Motivation, Acceptance and Problems of Invisalign® Patients

Abstract Aim: This study examined how well patients accepted and to what extent they were impaired by Invisalign^® treatment. Patients and Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients received a questionnaire with 12 questions after 3 to 6 months of Invisalign^® treatment. They were given a choice of three responses for each question. Apart from personal data, the questionnaire covered the following parameters: adaptation time, occurrence and duration of pain, possible speech impairment, lingual and mucosal irritations, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems and subjective assessment of the success of therapy thus far and the quality of information initially provided. Results: 78% of those interviewed were females. The highest percentage of patients (44%) were between 20 and 30 years of age. 83% got used to their aligners within one week. 35% had no pain and 54% mild pain while wearing them. This pain usually lasted for 2 to 3 days following insertion of a new aligner. 46% of the patients experienced no speech impairment. 93% felt so secure with their aligners that they felt not at all inhibited about speaking. The majority noticed no narrowing of the lingual space (76%) or irritation of the lingual or buccal mucosa (70%). However, 6% had strong irritations. 44% of the patients had difficulty chewing, mainly because the teeth were sensitive to pressure or had food particles caught between them due to temporary gaps. TMJ problems in terms of clicking were reported by 8% of the patients, although the clicking had existed before therapy initiation. None of the patients had TMJ pain. At the time of the interview, 89% of the patients were satisfied with the progress of therapy. All patients considered themselves well or very well informed about the treatment. Conclusions: Invisalign^® therapy seems particularly attractive to a clientele comparable to that for the lingual technique. Patients show high acceptance, since they become accustomed to the aligners very quickly and do not suffer much impairment. If indicated, Invisalign^® therapy should thus be considered an alternative to the lingual technique for esthetically-demanding patients. This applies especially to patients who cannot be treated by the lingual technique because of the inevitable speech impairment.     

Effects of temperature on heat pain adaptation and habituation in men and women

We recently reported that women report greater pain adaptation and habituation to moderately painful heat stimuli than men (Hashmi and Davis [16]); but slightly lower temperatures were needed to evoke moderate pain in the women. Hardy et al (1962) and LaMotte (1979) suggested that pain adaptation is most prominent at modest noxious heat temperatures and may occur at temperatures close to pain thresholds. Thus, as a follow-up to our previous study, we examined the role of absolute temperature in pain adaptation and habituation in men and women and assessed whether pain threshold impacts these findings. We hypothesised that pain adaptation and habituation would be more prominent at low and moderate temperatures, and that higher temperatures would induce pain adaptation and habituation in women but not in men. We further hypothesized that pain adaptation would not be correlated with pain thresholds. To test this, we obtained continuous ratings of pain evoked by 44.5-47.5°C stimuli applied to the dorsal foot of men and women. Each run consisted of three 30 s stimuli at the same temperature with a 60 s inter-stimulus interval. Women showed within-stimulus adaptation of total pain at all temperatures, but men showed significant adaptation to temperatures less than 47 °C. There were no sex differences in inter-stimulus habituation and both men and women reported habituation to temperatures less than 46 °C. Pain thresholds did not correlate with pain adaptation. These data highlight the temperature-sensitivity and sex differences of pain adaptation and habituation.     

基于Roy适应理论的健康宣教配合智慧平台在T1DM带泵治疗患儿中的应用

目的　探讨基于Roy适应理论的健康宣教配合智慧平台在1型糖尿病（T1DM）带泵治疗患儿中的应用效果。方法　纳入2020年5月至2022年5月经郑州儿童医院收治的84例T1DM带泵治疗患儿及主要监护人作前瞻性研究,按随机数字表法设为对照组（患儿42例,主要监护人42例）及观察组（患儿42例,主要监护人42例）。对照组予以常规健康宣教,观察组则于对照组基础上,基于Roy适应理论的健康宣教配合智慧平台实施干预,比较两组主要监护人健康教育知识掌握程度、照护水平及患儿血糖控制效果、治疗依从性。统计学方法采用χ²检验、t检验。结果　两组主要监护人干预前健康教育知识掌握度、照护者负担水平（ZBI）、家庭关怀度（APGAR）比较,差异均无统计学意义;两组干预后健康教育知识掌握度、APGAR均有提高,ZBI有所降低,观察组健康教育知识掌握度［（68.15±7.36）分比（54.62±10.18）分］、APGAR［（8.03±1.35）分比（6.72±1.13）分］均高于对照组,ZBI［（26.87±5.21）分比（30.24±5.48）分］低于对照组（t=6.98、4.822、2.888,均P<0.05）;两组患儿干预前HbA1c、FBG比较,差异无统计学意义。两组干预后糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹血糖（FBG）均有降低,观察组HbA1c［（6.51±0.58）%］、FBG［（6.76±0.65）mmol/L］低于对照组［（7.44±0.86）%、（7.83±0.91）mmol/L］,差异均有统计学意义（t=5.810、6.201,均P<0.05）,且观察组干预后HbA1c、FBG合格率高于对照组（χ²=7.244、5.833,均P<0.05）;经Redit分析,两组患儿治疗依从性比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=2.090,P<0.05）,且观察组MMAS-8评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=11.770,P<0.05）。结论　基于Roy适应理论的健康宣教配合智慧平台应用于T1DM带泵治疗患儿,可提升主要监护人健康教育知识掌握程度,提高照护水平,且患儿血糖控制效果良好,治疗依从性上升。     

Functional morphology of the respiratory organs of the air-breathing fish with particular emphasis on the African catfishes, Clarias mossambicus and C. gariepinus

The evolution of air-breathing and transition from water to land were pivotal events that greatly determined the ecological diversification, the advances and the successes of animal life. During their relocation onto land, the so-called bimodal breathers were literally caught at the water-air interface. Among such animals are the diverse air-breathing bony fish. Such taxa, however, strictly do not constitute the so-called ‘bridging animals’, i.e., the inaugural animals that crossed from water to land, nor are they their direct progenitors. The pioneer transitional animals were the Devonian rhipidistian amphibians that possessed a primitive lung which acquired O₂ directly from air and discharged CO₂ back into the same. By having particular morphological and physiological adaptations for terrestrialness, the modern amphibious- and aquatic air-breathers are heuristic analogues of how and why animals relocated from water to land. It has generally been espoused that lack or dearth of O₂ in water, especially in the warm tropical one, was an elemental driver for adoption of air-breathing. There is, however, no direct causal relationship between the evolution of air-breathing and the shift onto land: the move onto land was a direct solution to the existing inimical respiratory conditions in water. This is evinced in the facts that: a) even after attaining capacity of air-breathing, an important preadaptation for life on land, some animals continued living in water while periodically accessing air, b) in the fish species that live in the well-oxygenated waters, e.g., torrential rivers, only few air-breathe and c) air-breathing has still evolved in freshwaters and seawaters, where levels of dissolved O₂ are sufficiently high. Here, the structure and function of the respiratory organs of the air-breathing fish are succinctly outlined. Two African catfishes, Clarias mossambicus and C. gariepinus are highlighted.     

Adaptation and delivery of a motivational interviewing-based counseling program for persons acutely infected with HIV in Malawi: Implementation and lessons learned

Objective

Individuals diagnosed with acute HIV infection (AHI) are highly infectious and require immediate HIV prevention efforts to minimize their likelihood of transmitting HIV to others. We sought to explore the relevance of Motivational Interviewing (MI), an evidence-based counseling method, for Malawians with AHI.

Social participation in persons with upper limb amputation receiving an esthetic prosthesis

Study DesignQualitative study.IntroductionAn amputation injury to the hand may lead to not only impaired hand function but also psychosocial consequences.Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of the study was to explore personal experiences of social participation for persons provided with an esthetic prosthesis after acquired upper limb amputation.MethodsThirteen persons with acquired upper limb amputation, who were in need of and had received an esthetic prosthesis, were interviewed. The transcribed text was subjected to content analysis.ResultsThe emotional reactions to a visibly different hand were linked to a changed appearance and a feeling of being exposed. Recollecting the accident could result in nightmares and sleeping disorders. A change of personality, due to sadness after the amputation was expressed, as well as social insecurity and impact on relations and life roles. Adapting to social challenges comprised hiding or exposing the hand, using personal internal resources and receiving support from others. The esthetic prosthesis contributed to an intact appearance and could serve as a facilitator for initial or long-term social participation. The time that had passed since the injury made it easier to deal with the consequences or in achieving acceptance.DiscussionCoping with emotions and social relations after an acquired amputation can be difficult and complex.ConclusionsIndividual needs must be considered and questions about appearance and how it may affect social participation must be asked. An esthetic prosthesis can normalize the appearance and offer the confidence needed to facilitate social participation in those struggling with appearance-related concerns.