Temporal stability of urinary cadmium in samples collected several years apart in a population of older persons

Objectives

There is growing evidence that urine cadmium is a temporally stable biomarker indicative of long-term cadmium exposure; however questions remain with regard to generalizability to older persons, the impact of changes in smoking behavior, and the degree of temporal stability when repeat sample collection spans years instead of weeks or months.

Glutathione S-transferase in the midgut tissue of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars exposed to dietary cadmium

Activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in midgut of gypsy moth caterpillars exposed to 10 and 30 μg Cd/g dry food was examined. Based on the enzyme reaction through conjugation with glutathione, overall activity remained unaltered after acute and chronic treatment. No-observed-effect-concentration (10 μg Cd/g dry food) significantly increased activity only after 3-day recovery following cadmium administration. Almost all comparisons of the indices of phenotypic plasticity revealed statistically significant differences. Despite the facts that GST has important role in xenobiotic biotransformation, our results indicate that this enzyme in insect midgut does not represent the key factor in cadmium detoxification.     

Assessment of heavy metals by ICP-OES and their impact on insulin stimulating hormone and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes

Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) have recently emerged as major health concerns owing to their strong association with diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to investigate the heavy metals exposure towards incidence of DM at various enzymatic and hormonal levels. Additionally, association of As and Cd with Zinc (Zn, essential metal) was also evaluated. Spot urine samples were collected to assess As, Cd and Zn through ICP-OES. Serum was analyzed by assay method for fasting blood glucose, liver and renal function biomarkers. ELISA was performed to investigate the impact of heavy metals on HbA1c, α-amylase, DPP-IV, IGF-1, leptin, GSH, MDA, SOD, HDL, FFA, TG and interleukin (IL)-6. Association of heavy metals with DM was measured by odds ratio (OR) and level of significance was assessed by Chi-squared test. Unpaired student's t-test was used to compare DM-associated risk factors in heavy metals-exposed and unexposed participants. As and Cd were detectable in 75.4% and 83% participants with mean concentration of 75.5 ppb and 54.5 ppb, respectively. For As exposure, OR in the third quartile was maximum ie 1.34 (95% CI, 0.80 to 2.23), however the result was not statistically significant (P > .05). For Cd exposure, OR in the fourth quartile was considerably high, 1.62 (95% CI, 1.00 to 2.61), with a significant probability value (P < .05). Urinary Cd was negatively associated with Zn. As and Cd exposure increases the incidence of DM in the general population. Impaired hormonal and enzymatic levels in diabetic and non-diabetic exposed participants reflect the multiple organ damage by heavy metal exposure.     

Relationship between mortality and rice cadmium concentration in inhabitants of the polluted Jinzu River basin,Toyama, Japan: A 26 year follow‐up

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mortality and rice cadmium (Cd) concentration in inhabitants of a polluted area in Japan. The target subjects were inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin who participated in health examinations for screening of renal dysfunction from 1979 to 1984. The mean rice Cd concentration in each hamlet was used as an index of the Cd exposure. We conducted a 26 year follow‐up survey in 3281 inhabitants (1544 men and 1737 women) whose data regarding the rice Cd concentration were available. Mortality risk ratios for all and specific causes were estimated after adjustments for age at baseline, smoking status and history of hypertension using a Cox hazard model or Fine and Gray competing risks regression model. The mortality risk ratios of rice Cd concentration (+0.1 ppm) for all causes in women were significantly increased (risk ratio: 1.04). Furthermore, the relative risks of rice Cd concentration for kidney and urinary tract disease, renal diseases, renal failure and toxic effects of cadmium were significantly increased in both sexes. These findings indicated that increased rice Cd concentration decreased the prognosis for life over a long‐term observation in women. This result provides important information for determining the worldwide standard for allowable rice Cd concentration.     

黄芪多糖对镉染毒大鼠肾损伤的保护作用

目的探讨黄芪多糖在镉致肾损伤过程中发挥的作用。方法按照随机数字表法将大鼠分为3组,每组12只:空白组、模型组、实验组。模型组和实验组均腹腔注射1.5 mg·kg^-1氯化镉;染毒的同时,实验组给予黄芪多糖20mg·kg^-1,空白组和模型组灌胃等体积0.9%NaCl,干预和染毒每日1次,连续5周。染毒结束后,处死大鼠,摘取大鼠的肾组织,原子吸收分光光度法测定大鼠肾组织的镉(Cd)含量,比色分析法测定大鼠肾组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,ELISA法检测大鼠血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量和转化生长因子-β_1(TGF-β_1)的含量,同时免疫组化法观察肾组织Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达。结果空白组、模型组和实验组的IL-2含量分别为(117.38±10.89),(71.82±14.56),(102.46±13.82)pg·mL^-1;这3组的TGF-β_1含量分别为(4.88±0.38),(9.77±0.21),(6.35±0.41)pg·mL^-1;这3组的GSH-Px含量分别为(240.48±18.24),(159.26±21.06),(191.50±23.82)U·g^-1;这3组的LDH含量分别为(1125.25±37.91),(2089.46±35.87),(1159.61±28.86)U·g^-1;这3组的Cd含量分别为(0.02±0.01),(19.68±1.85),(12.99±2.11)mg·kg^-1;这3组的SOD含量分别为(71.55±3.56),(39.30±3.36),(67.25±2.68)U·mg^-1;这3组的MDA含量分别为(3.96±0.79),(7.47±0.78),(5.61±0.99)nmol·mg^-1;这3组的Bcl-2灰度值分别为37.54±3.23,68.43±5.21,38.25±6.17;这3组的Bax灰度值分别为57.87±8.93,27.54±5.45,48.23±3.54。模型组与空白组比较,以上指标差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01);实验组与模型组比较,以上指标差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论黄芪多糖预处理对镉致大鼠肾氧化损伤存在保护作用,其发挥保护作用是通过调控Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达实现的。     

Determination of toxic element levels (lead and cadmium) in commonly used cosmetic products in Iran

Toxic elements are commonly used in cosmetic products for many reasons like coloring pigments or blocking ultraviolet light; however, the level of some metals exceed specific concentration which can cause serious safety issues. This study aims to evaluate the content of lead and cadmium in samples of sunscreen and foundation creams, most frequently used brands of cosmetic products, in Iran. Concentration of lead in the sunscreens and foundation creams was lower than that of USFDA standards. The content of cadmium was higher than Europe Union standard. Effort must be made to inform the users about the harmful consequences of cosmetics.     

Adsorption of organic compounds and hydrophilicity of bismuth,cadmium and antimony electrodes

The adsorption behavior of various organic compounds at bismuth, antimony, cadmium, mercury and other “mercury-like” metals has been discussed. The systematic trends of the influence of the chemical nature of electrode metal and adsorbate to the molecular interaction parameter, a; limiting Gibbs adsorption, Γ_{A, max}; and Gibbs energy of adsorption, ΔG_A⁰, have been analyzed. The ingredients of the total Gibbs energy of organic compounds adsorption have been found. A new more general method for obtaining the metal-water; interaction Gibbs energy has been worked out and used. It was found that the dependence of Gibbs energy of metal-water interaction on the chemical nature of metal and aliphatic organic compound studied is weak. Only in the case of chemically very different metals, for example for Sb and Zn, the difference of Gibbs energy of metal-water interaction values is somewhat higher than the exactness of the determination of the experimental values of Gibbs energy of organic compound adsorption.     

镉胁迫对文山川芎矿质营养吸收和分配的影响

[目的]通过水培实验,研究不同浓度镉(Cd)处理下,文山川芎不同器官的镉吸收、分配特性及对其他12种矿质元素含量的影响,以为其安全利用提供科学依据。[方法]以文山川芎为实验材料,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-MS),测定0、50、100μmol/L氯化镉(CdCl2)处理下,须根、根茎、地上茎及叶片中Cd及铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、硼(B)、钼(Mo)、镁(Mg)、钙(Ca)、硫(S)、钾(K)、磷(P)、钠(Na)含量。[结果]镉胁迫下,文山川芎各部分Cd的积累表现为须根根茎地上茎叶。镉处理可显著影响文山川芎各器官中无机元素含量,与对照相比,须根中元素含量发生显著改变的有9种,根茎中8种,地上茎中7种,叶中8种。[结论]文山川芎药用、食用部位均有较强的镉积累能力,镉处理可显著破坏4种器官中无机元素间的平衡,影响其药用及食用质量。     

钝化剂对土壤重金属镉含量及其在川麦冬中累积的影响

目的 通过盆栽实验,综合评价不同钝化材料对土壤镉的钝化以及对川麦冬Cd含量降解的影响。方法 以一年生川麦冬为供试材料,采用土壤盆栽实验方法研究了钝化材料汉白玉（Ar）、秸秆生物炭（Br）、粉煤灰（Fh）、菌渣（Me）、硅藻土（Dm）对土壤总Cd、有效Cd和川麦冬各部Cd吸收累积的影响。结果 2种Cd污染程度土壤,不同钝化材料处理下均能提高土壤pH值;土壤阳离子交换量均极显著高于对照组,与土壤pH值成正相关;土壤总Cd含量和土壤有效Cd、麦冬地上部和地下部Cd含量较对照均极显著降低。综合各项指标发现,Ar对重金属Cd的钝化效果最佳,Br和Fh效果其次。结论 结合盆栽实验结果来看,Ar、Br、Fh、Me和Dm能够有效降低土壤总Cd含量、有效Cd含量和麦冬各部Cd含量,还能促进麦冬的稳收增产;综合分析,Ar、Fh和Br对重金属Cd钝化效果最好,可作为涪城麦冬种植区土壤钝化修复首选材料。