子宫内膜癌组织中Bim Bax mRNA表达及相关性研究

目的探讨促凋亡基因B im、Bax mRNA在子宫内膜癌发生发展中的作用。方法RT-PCR方法检测17例正常增殖期子宫内膜、11例非典型增生子宫内膜及52例子宫内膜癌中B im mRNA、Bax mRNA的表达。结果B im mRNA在正常增殖期内膜、非典型增生内膜及子宫内膜腺癌组织中表达量逐渐减少,且差异显著(P<0.05)。Bax mRNA在正常增殖期内膜、非典型增生内膜及子宫内膜腺癌组织中表达量逐渐增加,有明显统计学差异(P<0.05)。在不同病理分级、不同手术病理分期及肌层浸润深度的子宫内膜腺癌组织中,B immRNA及Bax mRNA阳性表达量无明显差异(P>0.05)。相关分析结果显示在不同子宫内膜组织中,B im mR-NA与Bax mRNA表达呈明显负相关(P<0.05)。结论B im、Bax表达改变与子宫内膜癌的发生密切相关。     

IL‐15 modulates the balance between Bcl‐2 and Bim via a Jak3/1‐PI3K‐Akt‐ERK pathway to promote CD8αα+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte survival

IL‐15 is an essential survival factor for CD8αα⁺ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) in vitro and in vivo. However, the IL‐15‐induced survival signals in primary CD8αα⁺ iIELs remains elusive. Although Bcl‐2 level in CD8αα⁺ iIELs positively correlates with IL‐15Rα expression in the intestinal epithelial cells, overexpression of Bcl‐2 only moderately restores CD8αα⁺ γδ iIELs in Il15^?/? mice. Here, we found that IL‐15 promptly activated a Jak3‐Jak1‐PI3K‐Akt pathway that led to the upregulation of Bcl‐2 and Mcl‐1. This pathway also induced a delayed but sustained ERK1/2 activation, which not only was necessary for the maintenance of Bcl‐2 but also resulted in the phosphorylation of extra‐long Bim at Ser⁶⁵. The latter event facilitated the dissociation of Bim from Bcl‐2 without affecting Bim abundance in IL‐15‐treated CD8αα⁺ iIELs. Using an adoptive cell transfer approach, we found that either overexpression of Bcl‐2 or removal of Bim from CD8αα⁺ iIELs promoted their survival in Il15ra^?/? mice. Taken together, IL‐15 promotes CD8αα⁺ iIEL survival by both increasing Bcl‐2 levels and dissociating Bim from Bcl‐2 through activation of a Jak3‐Jak1‐PI3K‐Akt‐ERK1/2 pathway, which differs from a previously reported IL‐15‐induced survival signal.     

内质网应激在Bim介导缺氧致心肌细胞凋亡中的作用

 目的：探讨内质网应激在Bim介导缺氧致心肌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法：在体外原代培养出生1~3 d大鼠心肌细胞,并用抗α-横纹肌肌动蛋白免疫组化法进行鉴定。设计并化学合成3对靶向bim的siRNA,用脂质体法将siRNA转染心肌细胞,筛选沉默效率最高的siRNA。实验分组：（1）空白对照组;（2）缺氧组;（3）缺氧+脂质体组;(4)缺氧+阴性对照siRNA组;(5)缺氧+Bim-siRNA组。MTT法观察细胞活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率及细胞内钙离子浓度变化情况;Western blotting检测内质网应激标志分子caspase-12和三磷酸肌醇（IP3）的表达情况。结果：免疫组化鉴定证实大鼠心肌细胞原代培养成功。在荧光显微镜下,转染了阴性对照siRNA组的细胞中观察到绿色荧光,即转染成功;Western blotting 结果显示,Bim-siRNA转染均能有效降低Bim蛋白的表达,其中第2对沉默效率最高,达到86.73%。缺氧损伤导致心肌细胞活性明显下降（P<005）,转染Bim-siRNA后细胞活性较阴性对照组升高。缺氧细胞凋亡率较对照组明显增加（P<0.01）,细胞内钙离子浓度明显增高,而沉默bim的表达能降低细胞凋亡率和细胞内钙离子浓度。缺氧导致内质网应激标志分子caspase-12和IP3表达较空白对照组明显上调（均P<005）,而抑制Bim表达后caspase-12和IP3表达明显降低。结论：沉默bim的表达能有效抑制缺氧导致心肌细胞凋亡的作用,内质网应激标志分子caspase-12和IP3可能参与了Bim介导缺氧致心肌细胞凋亡的过程。这有望为临床心肌缺血缺氧损伤的治疗提供新思路。     

Prosurvival Bcl-2 family members affect autophagy only indirectly,by inhibiting Bax and Bak

Antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family members such as Bcl-2, myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), and B-cell lymphoma-X large (Bcl-xL) are proposed to inhibit autophagy by directly binding to the BH3 domain of Beclin 1/Atg6. However, these Bcl-2 family proteins also block the proapoptotic activity of Bcl-2–associated X (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), and many inducers of autophagy also cause cell death. Therefore, when the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway is functional, interpretation of such experiments is complicated. To directly test the impact of the endogenous antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members on autophagy in the absence of apoptosis, we inhibited their activity in cells lacking the essential cell death mediators Bax and Bak. We also used inducible lentiviral vectors to overexpress Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Mcl-1 in cells and subjected them to treatments that promote autophagy. In the absence of Bax and Bak, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 had no detectable effect on autophagy or cell death in myeloid or fibroblast cell lines. On the other hand, when Bax and Bak were present, inhibiting the prosurvival Bcl-2 family members stimulated autophagy, but this correlated with increased cell death. In addition, inhibition of autophagy induced by amino acid starvation, etoposide, or interleukin-3 withdrawal did not affect cell death in the absence of Bax and Bak. These results demonstrate that the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members do not directly inhibit components of the autophagic pathway but instead affect autophagy indirectly, owing to their inhibition of Bax and Bak.Autophagy is a process in which cellular material is degraded so that homeostasis can be maintained when nutrients are scarce. During macroautophagy (henceforth referred to as autophagy), cytoplasm is enveloped by the formation of the autophagosome, which when fused to the lysosome forms the autophagolysosome. This organelle degrades the enclosed cellular material and returns “building blocks” such as amino acids back to the cytoplasm. Autophagy was initially studied in yeast and subsequently in mammalian cells, where it has been proposed to be not only a mechanism to promote cell survival in conditions of starvation but also a mechanism by which cells can commit suicide (1).Much of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy has come from studying the highly conserved Atg (autophagy-related) proteins. As autophagy progresses, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B)-I (Atg8 in yeast) in the cytoplasm is conjugated with phosphatidylethanolamine to form LC3B-II, which becomes associated with the autophagosomal membrane and is involved in its elongation. An increase in LC3B-II (and concomitant decrease in LC3B-I) is commonly used as a marker of autophagy. Because LC3B is also one of the only autophagy-associated proteins that remain attached to the autophagosome throughout the entire process, it is commonly used to visualize autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes.In yeast, Vacuolar protein sorting 30 (Vps30)/autophagy-related protein 6 (Atg6) is a core component of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Vsp34) complex required for nucleation and assembly of the autophagosomal membrane. In a similar way, the mammalian Atg6 homolog, Beclin 1, is important for the formation of a complex with the mammalian PI3K Vps34 and nucleation of the autophagosome membrane. Beclin 1 was identified in yeast two-hybrid experiments using the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) as bait (2). It has been proposed that when nutrients are abundant, Bcl-2 and the related proteins Bcl-xL and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) bind to Beclin 1 via Beclin 1’s BH3 domain and thereby inhibit induction of autophagy (Fig. 1A) (3–5). According to this model, when nutrients are scarce, Bcl-2 is phosphorylated by JNK1, which prevents its binding to Beclin 1 and allows it to initiate formation of autophagosomes (6).Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Inhibiting the prosurvival Bcl-2 family members does not promote nonapoptotic cell death or LC3B lipidation in the absence of Bax and Bak. (A) A simplified model illustrating the proposed role of the Bcl-2 family members. (B) MEFs were cotreated with 34 μM etoposide (VP-16) and indicated concentrations of ABT-737 for 96 h. Viability relative to cells not treated with ABT-737 was measured by the absence of PI uptake. The mean ± SD of two independent cell lines are shown relative (n = 4). (C) ABT-737 only promotes LC3B lipidation when Bax or Bak are present. Western blot of MEFs after a 4-h treatment with 1 μM ABT-737 or HBSS. (D) Induction of Bim_s does not alter LC3B levels. Bax^−/−Bak^−/− MEFs were treated with 1 μg/mL dox for 48 h or were cultured in HBSS for 4 h.In apoptosis, the roles of Bcl-2, Bcl-2–like protein W (Bcl-w), Mcl-1, and B-cell lymphoma-X large (Bcl-xL) are well established. They inhibit apoptosis in two ways: first by directly binding the proapoptotic effector proteins Bcl-2–associated X (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), and second by binding to BH3-only proteins such as Bim, thereby preventing them from activating Bax and Bak (7, 8). The prosurvival Bcl-2 family members bind to Bim, Bak, and Bax and the BH3 mimetic compound ABT-737 via the BH3 binding groove, the same region as the proposed binding site for Beclin 1, and they bind competitively (Fig. 1A). In contrast, the roles for prosurvival Bcl-2 family members in the regulation of autophagy have been less well characterized, not least because their inhibition or knockdown can also trigger Bax/Bak-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, many of the pivotal studies on the role of Bcl-2 in autophagy were performed using overexpression of one or both binding partners, putting into question the physiological relevance of the interactions. Because of these caveats, we decided to further investigate whether the prosurvival Bcl-2 family members can inhibit autophagy in cells unable to undergo mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis owing to deletion of genes for the essential apoptosis effector proteins Bax and Bak.To definitively determine whether the prosurvival Bcl-2 family members can regulate autophagy, we investigated whether inhibiting endogenous Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 could block autophagy in cells lacking Bax and Bak. We found that in both fibroblast and interleukin-3 (IL-3) dependent myeloid cell lines, treatment with the BH3 mimetic ABT-737, or altering the levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Mcl-1, had no discernable effects on autophagy. Indeed, the prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins only affected LC3B lipidation when Bax and Bak were present and cells were undergoing apoptosis. These results do not support the model that direct interactions between Beclin 1 and the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members inhibit autophagy. Instead, they suggest that previously reported cellular effects are likely to be a consequence of inducing or modifying apoptotic events triggered by Bax or Bak (4, 9–11).     

Loss of Bim results in abnormal accumulation of mature CD4-CD8-CD44-CD25- thymocytes

The process of thymopoiesis is tightly regulated by a series of selection events which ensure that only functional T-lymphocytes directed against foreign antigens are exported into the periphery. The adaptive immune response largely depends on the regulation of thymocyte development, and thymocytes which fail selection in the thymus are removed by apoptosis. However, the roles of specific apoptotic proteins in early T-lymphocyte development are poorly understood. Here, we report a novel function for Bim in thymocyte development. There is an accumulation of thymocytes in Bim(-/-) mice that lack expression of CD4, CD8, CD44, and CD25 but express CD3 and TCRbeta. Further, the CD4(-)CD8(-)CD25(-)CD44(-)CD3(+)TCRbeta(+) thymocytes are smaller and do not proliferate. These data suggest that these thymocytes are mature DN thymocytes that may have down-regulated the expression of CD4 and CD8. The DN thymocyte phenotype in Bim(-/-) mice is unaffected by the additional loss of Bak or Bax and is similar to the thymic phenotype in mice lacking both Bak and Bax. These data demonstrate that Bim functions to ensure the proper homeostasis of mature thymocytes during selection and thymic export.     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿Bim及c-Myc表达水平与糖皮质激素敏感性的关系

目的 探讨ALL患儿Bim及c-Myc蛋白表达水平与糖皮质激素(GC)敏感性的关系,研究Bim 表达水平是否可作为判断早期GC敏感性的客观指标,从而指导临床治疗和判断预后.方法 采用Western blot方法检测1 μmol·L-1地塞米松作用于人T-ALL GC敏感细胞株(CEM-C7)和GC耐药细胞珠(CEM-C1) 0 h、12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h及72 h后Bim和c-Myc蛋白表达的变化;以30例初诊ALL患儿为研究对象,采用Western blot分析ALL患儿GC诱导前、GC诱导后24 h、48 h、72 h以及第8天Bim蛋白表达情况,探讨Bim表达水平与ALL患儿GC敏感性的关系.结果 地塞米松作用CEM-C7 后12 h Bim表达量开始增加,直到72 h仍维持在较高水平,c-Myc表达水平在地塞米松作用后24 h明显下降,到72 h降至最低,而在GC耐药细胞CEM-C1中 Bim和c-Myc表达水平均无变化.30例初诊ALL患儿,25例GC敏感,5例GC不敏感,Bim表达水平在GC敏感组GC诱导前及诱导后24 h均高于GC不敏感组,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05),但在GC诱导后48 h、72 h及第8天,2组Bim表达水平比较差异均无统计学意义.GC敏感组诱导后不同时间点未发现Bim表达呈增高趋势.结论 GC通过上调Bim表达及抑制c-Myc的表达,而诱导ALL细胞凋亡;Bim有可能作为判断ALL患儿早期GC敏感与否的客观指标,从而指导临床治疗及判断预后.     

前凋亡因子Bim在地塞米松诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡中的作用

目的 研究前凋亡因子Bim在地塞米松诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡中的作用. 方法体外培养BALB/c小鼠胸腺细胞,终浓度1 μmol/L地塞米松诱导细胞,透射电镜、AnnexinV/PI双染流式细胞术、DNA凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡;RT-PCR半定量法分析1 μmol/L地塞米松作用不同时间以及不同浓度地塞米松作用1 h小鼠胸腺细胞Bim mRNA表达. 结果①1 μmol/L地塞米松作用4 h小鼠胸腺细胞出现特征性DNA梯状条带和细胞凋亡典型形态特征,流式细胞术检测显示在不同时间点(2 h,4 h,8 h)实验组细胞凋亡率较对照高;②1 μmol/L地塞米松作用1/2 h后小鼠胸腺细胞Bim mRNA三个异构体表达即明显升高,以BimL最为明显,其中BimL、BimEL mRNA表达在1 h达高峰,较对照组高峰前移11 h,且各时间点(0 h、24 h除外)表达水平与同时点对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);BimS mRNA表达高峰较对照组提前4 h,但各时间点表达水平与同时点对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③不同浓度(0,10-2,10-1,1,10 μmol/L)地塞米松作用胸腺细胞1 h时,其活细胞率和凋亡细胞百分率在不同浓度组间的差异无统计学意义,而Bim mRNA表达随地塞米松终浓度增加而升高,也以BimL mRNA表达增高最明显. 结论 Bim参与了地塞米松诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡过程,Bim三个异构体中以BimL作用为主;Bim mRNA表达发生在细胞凋亡早期,其表达水平随作用时间变化,并在一定地塞米松浓度范围内呈剂量依赖性.     

全脑缺血再灌注损伤中JNK及Bim蛋白的表达

目的 探讨大鼠全脑缺血再灌注氨基末端激酶或应激活化激酶（p—JNK）及与Bcl-2相互作用的细胞死亡调解子（Bim）蛋白表达的变化。方法 构建大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型，采用TUNEL法原位检测凋亡锥体细胞，免疫印迹检测不同实验组中Bim及p—JNK蛋白表达。结果 缺血再灌注各组神经元细胞的凋亡率明显高于假手术组（P〈0．05）。缺血再灌注组p—JNK及Bim蛋白表达积分光密度值与假手术组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 在脑缺血及在灌注损伤中存在有JNK途径的过度激活，p-JNK蛋白与Bim蛋白表达为正相关。JNK途径的激活导致Bim蛋白表达增加，进而导致神经元细胞的凋亡明显增加。     

Loss of Bim allows precursor B cell survival but not precursor B cell differentiation in the absence of interleukin 7

Interleukin (IL)-7 is a stromal cell-derived cytokine required for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of B cell precursors. Members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins are known to have profound effects on lymphocyte survival, but not lymphocyte differentiation. To distinguish the relative dependence on IL-7 of B cell precursor survival versus B cell differentiation, the combined effects of lack of IL-7 and lack of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 relative, Bim, were studied. Bim is expressed to varying degrees in all B cell precursors and B cells. Lack of Bim compensated for lack of IL-7 in the survival of pro-, pre-, and immature B cells; however, lack of Bim did not substitute for the requirement for IL-7 in B cell precursor differentiation or B cell precursor proliferation. Precursor B cell survival is more dependent on sufficient levels of IL-7 than precursor B cell differentiation because the number of B cells and their precursors were reduced by half in mice heterozygous for IL-7 expression, but were restored to normal numbers in mice also lacking Bim. Hence, Bim and IL-7 work together to control the survival of B cell precursors and the number of B cells that exist in animals.