A mechanism for gratitude development in a child

Most scholars consider gratitude as a moral emotion, with only few seeing it as a character trait. As a result, no systematic mechanism has ever been attempted to develop gratitude in children. Given the social issue of widespread lack of gratitude in the one-child generations of China, this article attempts to outline a mechanism of parental moral education for gratitude development. The mechanism is underpinned by love, induction and discipline; and theoretically justified in accordance with key psychological and sociological theories, such as Piaget's theory of moral development, Kohlberg's moral stages theory, attachment theory, Hoffman's internalisation theory, Rest's social justice theory and Baumrind's parenting styles theory. The benefits and potential risks of each strategy of the mechanism are addressed.     

Gender as a Moderator of the Effects of the Love Motive and Relational Context on Sexual Experience

The moderator effect of gender on (i) the relation between adolescents' sexual experience on the one hand; and (ii) their orientations towards the type of relational and emotional commitment that they expect to be present before engaging in a sexual relationship, and (iii) having a steady partner on the other was examined. We hypothesized that the relations between these facets would be stronger for women. We utilized a random sample of 253 British adolescents interviewed twice with a 1-year interval LISREL multigroup analysis with mean structures was used to test the hypotheses, thus offering the opportunity of detecting moderator as well as main effects of gender. Differential effects of emotional and relational commitment and having a steady partner relationship on sexual experience supported the hypotheses.     

生物伯德图用于血压稳定性的分析和计算

本文用生物伯德图分析了血压稳定性。按照经典的控制理论,讨论了生物系统的稳定性,提出了血压控制的数学模型。根据生物特点,建立了生物伯德图的表达式。作为系统稳定性的指标,增益裕量和相位裕量可以用作图法求得,也可以用计算机求解。实验结果与理论分析能很好地符合。     

停—升—停多项式凸轮曲线族

提出三个多项式凸轮曲线族。使用者可根据不同的用途，用优化方法求得待定系数值，从满足边界条件的曲线族中挑选出一条综合性能最优的凸轮曲线。还提供了待定系数与所选凸轮曲线的诸特性值之间关系的图表。     

THE EVOLUTIONARY ANTECEDENTS TO LOVE

Behaviors are adaptations to the physical, biotic, and social environments. Great diversity exists among vertebrates in reproductive behaviors and the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying these behaviors. Study of this diversity illuminates species, population, and sex differences in hormone–brain-behavior relations. It also can provide insights into how and why certain neuroendocrine mechanisms evolved. Discoveries in evolution and ecology, neuroscience and endocrinology, are complementary and interrelated, and when applied in behavioral neuroscience, the investigator's perspective is less constrained by existing dogma. Naturally-occurring organisms not typically studied can be especially useful as their unusual adaptations illustrate alternative solutions to particular problems. Indeed, they ‘often force one to abandon standard methods and standard points of view’ with the result that, ‘in trying to comprehend their special and often unusual adaptation, one often serendipitously stumbles on new insights’ (Bartholomew, 1982). Thus, to ignore comparative research would greatly limit our understanding of the evolution of hormone-behavior relations. As Bullock (1984) admonishes, “without due consideration of the neural and behavioral correlates of differences between higher taxa and between closely related families, species, sexes, and stages, we cannot expect to understand our nervous systems or ourselves”. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.     

Spontaneous tension oscillation in skinned bovine cardiac muscle

 Skinned fibres from bovine ventricles exhibited spontaneous tension oscillations when MgADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) were added to the solution bathing fibres in the relaxed state (ADP-SPOC). A similar type of oscillation was observed at intermediate concentrations of free Ca²⁺ in the absence of MgADP and Pi (Ca-SPOC). To investigate the correlation between ADP-SPOC and Ca-SPOC, we constructed two-dimensional state diagrams of cardiac muscle using different concentrations of Pi (0–20 mM) and free Ca²⁺ [pCa=around 5 (+Ca²⁺), pCa=5.15–6.9 and +EGTA (–Ca²⁺)], with varying concentrations of MgADP (0–10 mM), with 2 mM MgATP and 2 mM free Mg²⁺ maintaining ionic strength at 0.15±0.01 M, pH 7.0, 25 °C. The three-dimensional (pCa-Pi-MgADP) state diagram thus obtained was divided into three regions, i.e. the contraction region in which tension oscillation was undetectable, the spontaneous tension oscillation (SPOC) region and the relaxation region. We found that the regions of ADP-SPOC and Ca-SPOC were continuously connected by a single oscillation region sandwiched between the contraction and relaxation regions. The state diagram, which encompasses physiological conditions, shows that the probability of SPOC is higher in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle. From these results, we suggest that, despite distinct ionic conditions, the molecular state of cross-bridges during SPOC is common to both ADP-SPOC and Ca-SPOC. Received 19 February 1996 / Received after revision: 16 July 1996 / Accepted: 14 August 1996     

Series dead space volume assessed as the mean value of a distribution function

Series dead space (VdS) is assumed to be represented by that volume exhaled until alveolar gas is observed. Phase II of the single breath CO₂-diagram contains the (flow, concentration and sequence weighted) distribution off all stationary interfaces (SI) expired before phase III. We describe a new method to estimate the mean value of VdS based on the differentiation of phase II. This approximation of VdS is called the Pre Interface Expirate (PIE) and is compared in this study with the integrative approach of Langley. Tidal volume (Vt) and PEEP were varied from 71 to 123% and from 0 to 6 cmH₂O respectively.The estimation of VdS by differentiation of phase II (PIE) shows excellent reproducibility and depends only on phase II — not on phase III and IV as does VdS-Langley. PIE does not depend on Vt and PEEP per se but reflects the distension of convective airways due to elevated end-inspiratory airway pressure.Our results confirm the predictions of Paiva's model calculations in that the size of VdS is determined by the distension of airways rather than by the altered position of the SI.     

大黄-黄芪组分自微乳的制备及在体肠吸收特性研究

目的 研究大黄-黄芪多组分自微乳的处方与制备工艺,评价制剂质量,并考察其大鼠肠吸收特性。方法 通过溶解度实验、油相与乳化剂和助乳化剂配伍实验及伪三元相图的绘制,筛选出最优处方组成;并从自微乳的外观、形态、粒径、稳定性等方面对自微乳进行评价。通过大鼠在体单向肠灌流实验考察自微乳的肠吸收特性。结果 自微乳处方中油相为辛酸癸酸单双甘油酯、乳化剂为聚氧乙烯蓖麻油35、助乳化剂为乙二醇。在微乳形成区选择各辅料用量,采用适宜方法加入大黄总蒽醌及黄芪总皂苷制得的组分自微乳,外观均一透明,加水分散后形成黄色乳光的微乳液,透射电镜显微镜（transmission electron microscopy,TEM）下观察到微乳分散均匀,无黏连,呈大小均一圆球形乳滴;平均粒径为（33.01±0.12）nm、多分散指数（polydispersion index,PDI）为0.10±0.02、电位为（-10.10±1.00）m V;自微乳中大黄总蒽醌和黄芪总皂苷质量分数分别为6.29、8.80 mg/g。自微乳中大黄总蒽醌在十二指肠、空肠段的吸收速率常数（Ka）及表观吸收系数（Papp）较回肠段均有显著提高;黄芪...     

人性的复苏——解析霍桑《红字》的人物

《红字》表达的深刻含义一直以来都是评论家们争论的焦点。文中从人性这个角度来诠释《红字》中3个主要的人物,探讨在清教的专制统治下,个人在自由与权威中的挣扎以及主人公在此压制下人性的发展,以此揭示作者霍桑本人的内心世界,即内心对爱的欲求以及呼吁人以极大的勇气抛弃虚伪、回归真实的人性。     

爱婴催乳液对围产期仔鼠生长、发育的影响

目的探讨对服用爱婴催乳液母鼠乳汁的仔鼠生长、发育的反应。方法用57.0、85.5g·kg-1(指含生药量,下同)的爱婴催乳液饲喂产后母鼠(35d)做围产期毒性试验,观察仔鼠的生长发育及血常规和血生化指标,心电图、骨髓象等。结果围产期毒性实验显示仔鼠生长发育正常,血液学和血生化指标、心电图、骨髓象等与正常对照组比较均无显著差异。重要脏器指数和病理学检查也无异常。结论爱婴催乳液对围产期仔鼠生长、发育无影响。