批准用于奶牛的抗菌药物分析

我国奶牛养殖规模不断扩大,奶业产值比重逐步提高,给奶牛疫病防治带来巨大压力。奶牛乳房炎及细菌性肺炎等呼吸系统疾病和细菌性肠炎等消化系统疾病最为常见,抗菌药物的使用成为主要防治手段。但抗菌药物的不当使用易使细菌产生耐药性,增加临床治疗的成本和难度,危害我国奶牛产业发展。本文对截至2021年7月我国和美国、英国、日本、欧盟批准用于奶牛的抗菌药物产品进行整理、统计与分析,包括抗菌药物的分类、剂型以及适应证等,旨在为我国奶牛用抗菌药物管理、合理用药和新兽药开发提供参考。     

Dietary Factors and Prostate Cancer Development,Progression, and Reduction

Due to the constantly increasing number of cases, prostate cancer has become one of the most important health problems of modern societies. This review presents the current knowledge regarding the role of nutrients and foodstuff consumption in the etiology and development of prostate malignancies, including the potential mechanisms of action. The results of several in vivo and in vitro laboratory experiments as well as those reported by the clinical and epidemiological research studies carried out around the world were analyzed. The outcomes of these studies clearly show the influence of both nutrients and food products on the etiology and prevention of prostate cancer. Consumption of certain nutrients (saturated and trans fatty acids) and food products (e.g., processed meat products) leads to the disruption of prostate hormonal regulation, induction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and alteration of growth factor signaling and lipid metabolism, which all contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. On the other hand, a high consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, and whole grain products exerts protective and/or therapeutic effects. Special bioactive functions are assigned to compounds such as flavonoids, stilbenes, and lycopene. Since the influence of nutrients and dietary pattern is a modifiable risk factor in the development and prevention of prostate cancer, awareness of the beneficial and harmful effects of individual food ingredients is of great importance in the global strategy against prostate cancer.     

Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Metabolic Effect in Type 2 Diabetes,an Ancillary Study from a Randomized Clinical Trial

Most nutrition studies looking at the association of food with cardiometabolic markers rely on food frequency questionnaires, which are prone to recall bias. Pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and trans-palmitoleic acid are fatty acids that are not synthesized endogenously but are obtained from the diet, particularly dairy, making them reasonable biomarkers of dairy consumption. We investigated the association of dairy fatty acid biomarkers with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a clinical trial, 111 participants with T2D (age 58.5 ± 8.9 years, HbA1c 8.09 ± 0.96%) were randomized into three groups: a control group that maintained baseline dairy intake, a low-fat (LF) group that incorporated ≥3 servings/day of LF dairy and a high-fat (HF) group that incorporated ≥3 servings/day of HF dairy. We compared the fatty acids (FA) composition between the three groups at 24 weeks. Pentadecanoic acid and trans-palmitoleic acid increased in the HF group by 14.1% ± 5.4% and 17.5% ± 5.1%, respectively, but not in the control and LF groups (p = 0.0474 and p = 0.0025 for group-by-time interaction, respectively). Those increases were positively associated with changes in total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol VLDL-C and triglycerides but were not associated with changes in HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks. These results suggest that the intervention was successful and that participants were likely compliant, which supports the validity of the main trial.     

Directions of Changes in the Health Values of Dairy Products in the Opinion of Consumers

The aim of our research was to assess whether and to what extent the perceived change in the content of selected ingredients in dairy products is important for Polish consumers in accepting the enhancement of the health benefits of dairy products, including yogurt. The data were collected using a CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) survey on a sample of 983 consumers. The logistic regression model was used to predict the behavior of consumers associated with their willingness to accept the health aspects of improving dairy products. The results indicated that changes in the level of selected ingredients enhanced the willingness to accept increasing the health value of the product. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were not associated with the degree of their willingness to accept the improvement of the perceived health attributes. Practitioners in the dairy industry and policy makers can benefit from these results. When designing food products, it is worth focusing on increasing the nutritional value and enhancing the health value of food that is perceived by consumers as generally possessing positive health benefits, rather than on food that is perceived by them as possessing negative qualities.     

Milk-Fat Intake and Differences in Abdominal Adiposity and BMI: Evidence Based on 13,544 Randomly-Selected Adults

The primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between milk-fat intake and obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, in 13,544 U.S. adults. A lesser objective was to measure the degree to which the association was influenced by multiple potential confounding variables. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Quantity of milk-fat regularly consumed was the exposure variable. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), a measure of abdominal obesity, and body mass index (BMI) were the outcome variables. Sagittal abdominal diameter is a strong predictor of visceral abdominal fat, when measured by computed tomography, and has been shown to predict cardiometabolic disorders better than BMI. After controlling for age, race, gender, physical activity, leisure computer use and gaming, alcohol habits, and cigarette use, significantly lower BMIs were associated with consistent non-fat and full-fat milk consumption (F = 4.1, p = 0.0063). A significantly lower SAD was associated only with regular consumption of non-fat milk (F = 5.0, p = 0.0019). No significant differences were detected between the other milk-fat groups or milk abstainers. In this nationally representative sample, only 19.6% of adults regularly consumed low-fat milk. In conclusion, consistent non-fat milk intake was predictive of lower levels of abdominal adiposity compared to consumption of higher levels of milk-fat.     

富硒酵母对奶牛抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响

目的:研究富硒酵母对妊娠奶牛抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响。方法:选用24头妊娠健康黑白花母牛为受试奶牛,等分为4组。1组为对照(C组),余为受试T1,T2,T3组,分别添加三种硒制剂:即奥特奇公司的富硒酵母(Sel plex 50) 、有机硒无机硒混合物(70% Sel plex 50+30%亚硒酸钠)以及亚硒酸钠组。实验期168 d。在试验期第40、70、125 d时测定血中GSH-Px、SOD活性、MDA含量、硒水平以及淋巴细胞转化率和T细胞计数。结果:在125 d时,GSH-Px活性、SOD酶活性、血清硒浓度,T1、T2、T3组均显著或非常显著高于C组;MDA 水平T1、T2、T3组非常显著低于C组;同时,淋巴细胞转化率和T细胞计数,T1、T2组非常显著高于C组。三个试验组中T1与 T3组比,P<0.01,说明T1组效果优于T2、T3组。结论:富硒酵母(Sel plex 50)改善奶牛的抗氧化能力和免疫功能的效果比无机硒好。     

The influence of breakfast and dairy products on dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in postpubertal adolescents and young adults

Background: Given the importance of both calcium and vitamin D for bone health and the high prevalence of vitamin D from around the world, the present study aimed to evaluate calcium and vitamin D intake in a group of healthy Brazilian adolescents and young adults and to examine the influence of breakfast and dairy products in the total intake of these nutrients. Methods: One hundred and sixty adolescents and young adults, aged 16–20 years old, from a public school, participated in the present study. Three‐day dietary records were used to assess calcium and vitamin D intakes. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using a radioimmunoassay kit. The results were expressed as the mean (SD). Results: Only 3.8% of the subjects met the daily adequate intake recommendation for calcium, and none for vitamin D [682.2 (132.2) mg day^?1 and 124.0 (28.0) IU day^?1, respectively]. 25(OH)D serum levels were insufficient in 51.5% and deficient in 9.7% of the individuals [72.5 (22.3) nmol L^?1]. There was a significant positive correlation between dairy product intake with both calcium and vitamin D (r = 0.597 and r = 0.561, respectively; P = 0.000). Adolescents who ate breakfast had a significant higher mean calcium, vitamin D and dairy product intake than adolescents who did not report this meal. Conclusions: The majority of adolescents and young adults did not consume recommended intakes of calcium and vitamin D and also presented 25(OH)D insufficiency. The results indicate that a regular breakfast and the consumption of dairy products represent important strategies in improving calcium and vitamin D intake in the diet.     

Occurrence and analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk produced by Indian dairy species

A total of 600 samples of milk from different species [buffalo (150), cow (150), goat (150), and sheep (150)] were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM₁) contamination using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. AFM₁ contamination was found in buffalo (38.6%), cow (45.3%), goat (33.3%), and sheep (36.6%) milk. The mean value of AFM₁ was 0.026?µg?L^?1 in buffalo, 0.018?µg?L^?1 in cow, 0.014?µg?L^?1 in goat, and 0.017?µg?L^?1 in sheep milk. In all types of milks, the level of AFM₁ concentration was higher in milk obtained from urban and semi-urban areas, whereas it was found minimal in milk from rural areas. The results of the analysis of AFM₁ level by the ELISA analysis (ng?L^?1) was observed in 46.5% of all samples. The amount of AFM₁ in 16% buffalo, 44% cow, 10% goat, and 12% sheep milk samples was above the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European Union.     

Persistence of lactase activity among Northern Europeans: A weighing of evidence for the calcium absorption hypothesis

Considered in this paper is a broad range of evidence bearing on the calcium absorption hypothesis that has been advanced to explain high frequencies of the gene for persistence of lactase activity (PLA) among adults in northern Europe. According to that hypothesis, lactase‐sufficient individuals in early northern Europe enjoyed a selective advantage over lactase‐deficient ones that led to high incidences of PLA in adults of the region. Northern Europeans, the hypothesis goes, suffered from a dietary shortage of vitamin D and, in addition, were unable to synthesize adequate vitamin D from the sun's ultraviolet radiation because of northern Europe's cloudiness and its location in higher latitudes. This led to chronic vitamin D deficiency along with a reduced ability to absorb calcium from milk and lactose‐rich dairy products. As a result, the deficiency diseases rickets—which affects infants and children and can leave a child with bowlegs and other bone defects—and osteomalacia—which weakens and deforms the bones of adults—were common in early northern Europe, and represented powerful selective forces that contributed to development of the highly depigmented skin that is typical of the region's peoples. In addition, the hypothesis goes, calcium absorption was enhanced by a process independent of vitamin D. Such enhancement, found especially or solely among lactase‐sufficient individuals, was brought on by ingestion of lactose in milk and milk products. Thus, persons who enjoyed high lactase activity through life were favored in the struggle for survival, which ultimately led northern European peoples to have among the highest incidences of PLA in the world.

In this article, evidence, much of it recent, is presented to show that lactase‐deficient humans are able to absorb calcium from milk as readily, or nearly as readily, as lactase‐sufficient humans. Evidence is also presented that rickets and osteomalacia occur in parts of the world that have an abundance of sunshine, whether originating from customs that limit exposure to sunshine or otherwise; that heavy cloud cover and high latitude need not result in vitamin D deficiency, rickets, and osteomalacia; that, indeed, osteological evidence from archeological sites in northern Europe indicates that rickets and osteomalacia were quite rare in antiquity; that those conditions appear to have become common in northern Europe only with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, too short a time to have been a significant factor in bringing on the high incidences of PLA that prevail today; and that, indeed, the calcium absorption hypothesis is not confirmed by historical, osteoarcheological, or bio‐medical evidence.