Influenza epidemics: The role of allergists-immunologists

ObjectiveTo review influenza epidemics and pandemics for practicing allergists-immunologists.Data SourcesEnglish-language articles published in PubMed from 1990 to present with relevance to allergic disorders and articles cited by or similar to these articles.Study SelectionsA total of 472 articles were identified from PubMed. Two independent reviewers appraised the titles for relevance.ResultsA total of 212 relevant articles were selected. Additional articles and government websites increased the number to 295 relevant citations.ConclusionInfluenza epidemics and pandemics have recurred throughout history. Patients with asthma and immunodeficiency are at an increased risk. Nonpharmaceutical interventions, vaccination, and neuraminidase inhibitors are key strategies for the prevention and treatment of influenza epidemics/pandemics. Allergists play a vital role in protecting high-risk groups and increasing influenza vaccination coverage.     

Results of retrograde open mesenteric stenting for acute thrombotic mesenteric ischemia

Objective

Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is an emergent event with a high mortality rate; survivors have high rates of intestinal failure. Restoration of blood flow using endovascular or surgical revascularization is associated with better outcome in terms of survival rate and intestinal resection. Retrograde open mesenteric stenting (ROMS), which is a hybrid technique, combines two benefits: prompt blood flow restoration with an endovascular approach and inspection and resection of the small bowel. The aim of the study was to assess the results of ROMS in thrombotic AMI in a retrospective multicenter study.

Hubs disruption in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. A resting‐state fMRI study on a language‐and‐memory network

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) affects the brain networks at several levels and patients suffering from mTLE experience cognitive impairment for language and memory. Considering the importance of language and memory reorganization in this condition, the present study explores changes of the embedded language‐and‐memory network (LMN) in terms of functional connectivity (FC) at rest, as measured with functional MRI. We also evaluate the cognitive efficiency of the reorganization, that is, whether or not the reorganizations support or allow the maintenance of optimal cognitive functioning despite the seizure‐related damage. Data from 37 patients presenting unifocal mTLE were analyzed and compared to 48 healthy volunteers in terms of LMN‐FC using two methods: pairwise correlations (region of interest [ROI]‐to‐ROI) and graph theory. The cognitive efficiency of the LMN‐FC reorganization was measured using correlations between FC parameters and language and memory scores. Our findings revealed a large perturbation of the LMN hubs in patients. We observed a hyperconnectivity of limbic areas near the dysfunctional hippocampus and mainly a hypoconnectivity for several cortical regions remote from the dysfunctional hippocampus. The loss of FC was more important in left mTLE (L‐mTLE) than in right (R‐mTLE) patients. The LMN‐FC reorganization may not be always compensatory and not always useful for patients as it may be associated with lower cognitive performance. We discuss the different connectivity patterns obtained and conclude that interpretation of FC changes in relation to neuropsychological scores is important to determine cognitive efficiency, suggesting the concept of “connectome” would gain to be associated with a “cognitome” concept.     

Oncogenic properties and signaling basis of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene

Hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid are rare and mostly benign epithelial neoplasms of follicular cell origin, which have recently been shown to be underpinned by the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene. In our study, we sought to investigate the potential oncogenic mechanisms of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene. Forced expression of PAX8-GLIS3 was found to increase proliferation, clonogenic potential and migration of human nonmalignant thyroid (Nthy-ori 3-1) and embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Moreover, in xenografts, Nthy-ori 3-1 PAX8-GLIS3 expressing cells generated significantly larger and more proliferative tumors compared to controls. These oncogenic effects were found to be mediated through activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Targeting of smoothened (SMO), a key protein in the SHH pathway, using the small molecule inhibitor Cyclopamine partially reversed the increased proliferation, colony formation and migration in PAX8-GLIS3 expressing cells. Our data demonstrate that the oncogenic effects of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene are, at least in part, due to an increased activation of the SHH pathway.     

Validation of the French Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Its Associations with Depression,Anxiety, and Differential Emotions

The COVID-19 crisis represents a global health concern, including mental health. Regarding the necessity to assess anxiety related to COVID-19, a scale was developed (Ahorsu et al., 2020). The goal of the present study was to validate the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in French (official language in 29 countries), and investigate its relationship with indicators of affective disturbances. The sample comprised 316 participants (271 females) recruited online during the French lockdown. They were from several regions of France. The FCV-19S underwent a forward-backward translation procedure. Its psychometric properties were evaluated with the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The French FCV-19S demonstrated a stable unidimensional structure with robust psychometric properties (strong internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, and good test-retest validity). With its robust psychometric properties in assessing the unidimensional construct of the fear of COVID-19, this scale will help to provide a better understanding of the relationship between emotions and psychological or psychiatric disorders during the pandemics in French-speaking countries.

     

Parcellation influence on the connectivity‐based structure–function relationship in the human brain

One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is how brain structure and function are intertwined. MRI‐based studies have demonstrated a close relationship between the physical wiring of the brain (structural connectivity) and the associated patterns of synchronization (functional connectivity). However, little is known about the spatial consistency of such a relationship and notably its potential dependence on brain parcellations. In the present study, we performed a comparison of a set of state‐of‐the‐art group‐wise brain atlases, with various spatial resolutions, to relate structural and functional connectivity derived from high quality MRI data. We aim to investigate if the definition of brain areas influences the relationship between structural and functional connectivity. We observed that there is a significant effect of brain parcellations, which is mainly driven by the number of areas; there are mixed differences in the SC–FC relationship when compared to purely random parcellations; the influence of the number of areas cannot be attributed solely to the reliability of the connectivity estimates; and beyond the influence of the number of regions, the spatial embedding of the brain (distance effect) can explain a large portion of the observed relationship. As such the choice of a brain parcellation for connectivity analyses remains most likely a matter of convenience.     

Interactions of organophosphorus pesticides with solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters

1.?Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are known to interact with human ATP-binding cassette drug efflux pumps. The present study was designed to determine whether they can also target activities of human solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters.

2.?The interactions of 13 OPs with SLC transporters involved in drug disposition, such as organic cation transporters (OCTs), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), were mainly investigated using transporter-overexpressing cell clones and fluorescent or radiolabeled reference substrates.

3.?With a cut-off value of at least 50% modulation of transporter activity by 100?µM OPs, OAT1 and MATE2-K were not impacted, whereas OATP1B1 and MATE1 were inhibited by two and three OPs, respectively. OAT3 activity was similarly blocked by three OPs, and was additionally stimulated by one OP. Five OPs cis-stimulated OATP2B1 activity. Both OCT1 and OCT2 were inhibited by the same eight OPs, including fenamiphos and phosmet, with IC₅₀ values however in the 3–30?µM range, likely not relevant to environmental exposure.

4.?These data demonstrated that various OPs inhibit SLC drug transporter activities, especially those of OCT1 and OCT2, but only when used at high concentrations not expected to occur in environmentally-exposed humans.