老年血液病院内感染临床特点及预防措施研究进展

1老年血液病院内感染现状1.1老年血液病院内感染发生率血液病是一种起源于造血系统组织或影响造血系统伴发的血液异常改变,疾病类型包括红细胞疾病(如贫血、红细胞增多症等)、白细胞疾病(如急性白血病、粒细胞缺乏症等)、出血或凝血疾病(如血管/过敏性紫癜、血小板减少症、血友病等)、淋巴瘤及其他疾病(如非/霍奇金淋巴瘤、弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤等)。     

某高校大学生艾滋病主动检测意愿与影响因素

目的 了解青年学生艾滋病主动检测意愿的现状,提出促进青年学生主动检测意愿的建议,为进一步提高青年学生艾滋病检测意愿的策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 采用自编促进大学生HIV主动检测意愿调查问卷,用整群抽样方法抽取成都某高校778名在校大学进行问卷调查。结果 在被调查的778名大学生中,91.6%的学生有艾滋主动检测意愿,在不同年级(χ2=11.416,P=0.010)、认为自己感染艾滋病风险情况(χ2=18.615,P＜0.001)等因素上差异均有统计学意义。多因素 logistic 回归分析显示年级为大二或大三、认为自己艾滋病感染风险为非常低或比较低或一般(P均＜0.05)的青年学生更愿意进行艾滋病主动检测。结论 该高校大学生艾滋病主动检测意愿较高。应该结合该高校学生的特性,开展有针对性的艾滋病宣传教育活动,以此提高大学生HIV主动检测率。     

Confounded association between proton pump inhibitor use and risk of biliary tract cancer: Result from three cohorts

Recent epidemiological studies suggested that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use was associated with an increased risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC), however, confounders were not adequately controlled. Our study aimed to evaluate PPI use and subsequent risk of BTC and its subtypes in three well-established cohorts. We conducted a pooled analysis of the subjects free of cancers in UK Biobank (n = 463 643), Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n = 80 235) and NHS II (n = 95 869). Propensity score weighted Cox models were used to estimate marginal HRs of PPIs use on BTC risk, accounting for potential confounders. We documented 284 BTC cases in UK Biobank (median follow-up: 7.6 years), and 91 cases in NHS and NHS II cohorts (median follow-up: 15.8 years). In UK biobank, PPI users had a 96% higher risk of BTC compared to nonusers in crude model (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.44-2.66), but the effect was attenuated to null after adjusting for potential confounders (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.60-1.49). PPI use was not associated with risk of BTC in the pooled analysis of three cohorts (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.60-1.43). We also observed no associations between PPI use with risk of intrahepatic (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.49-2.04), extrahepatic bile duct (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.52-2.27) and gallbladder cancers (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.26-1.66) in UK Biobank. In summary, regular use of PPIs was not associated with the risk of BTC and its subtypes.     

放疗前后规范化心理护理干预对头颈部肿瘤患者负性情绪的调节作用

目的:探讨放疗前后规范化心理护理干预对头颈部肿瘤患者负性情绪的调节作用。方法:以2016年3月至2018年3月四川大学华西医院头颈部肿瘤科收治的头颈部肿瘤患者86例为研究对象，其中将2016年3月至2017年3月期间收治的42例患者作为对照组，2017年4月至2018年3月期间收治的44例患者作为研究组。研究组患者在常规护理基础上采用规范化的心理护理干预。比较两组患者入院后24 h、出院前24 h、出院后3个月负性情绪的得分情况。结果:研究组患者出院前24 h心理状态总得分显著降低（P＜0.05）。研究组患者出院后3个月焦虑、抑郁、愤怒、总得分均显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论:有针对性的、规范化的心理护理干预能有效改善头颈部肿瘤患者的负性情绪，这为临床中头颈部肿瘤患者的护理工作提供了新的思路。     

Use of Alternative Designs and Data Sources for Pediatric Trials

Abstract

Children are considered a vulnerable group and as such are granted additional protection as research subjects. Research projects using children as research subjects are justifiable if the answer to the scientific question of the study cannot be obtained by enrolling adult subjects (cf. scientific necessity). Thus, there is an ethical obligation to explore innovative analytical strategies that seek balance between the feasibility of conducting a trial and maximizing the utilization of data on efficacy and safety. On this note, there is enthusiasm for implementing some less popular but efficient alternative designs for confirmatory pediatric trials. Within the pediatric extrapolation paradigm, examples of such designs, other than purely based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data, are described in this article along with their advantages and disadvantages. This article will also discuss how to incorporate alternative data sources in the analysis of pediatric clinical trials. A discussion of existing approaches and a road-map to their utilization will be provided. Real case examples on the use of the approaches are provided.