Personal comorbidities and their subsequent risks for liver,gallbladder and bile duct cancers

Many environmental risk factors for hepatobiliary cancers are known but whether they are associated with specific cancer types is unclear. We present here a novel approach of assessing standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of previously diagnosed comorbidities for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gallbladder cancer (GBC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and ampullary cancer. The 13 comorbidities included alcohol and nonalcohol related liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gallstone disease, viral and other kinds of hepatitis, infection of bile ducts, hepatic and other autoimmune diseases, obesity and diabetes. Patients were identified from the Swedish Inpatient Register from 1987 to 2018, and their cancers were followed from 1997 onwards. SIRs for HCC were 80 to 100 in men and women diagnosed with hepatitis C virus and they were also >10 in patients diagnosed with hepatitis B virus, other kind of hepatitis, hepatic autoimmune disease and nonalcohol related liver disease. Many of these risks, as well as alcohol related liver disease, were either specific to HCC or were shared with intrahepatic CCA. For GBC, CCA and ampullary cancer infection of bile ducts was the main risk factor. Gallstone disease, nonhepatic autoimmune diseases and diabetes were associated with all hepatobiliary cancers. The limitations of the study include inability to cover some rare risk factors and limited follow-up time. Many of the considered comorbidities are characterized by chronic inflammation and/or overt immune disturbance in autoimmune diseases. The results suggest that local chronic inflammation and a related immune disturbance is the carcinogenic trigger for all these cancers.     

Principles of environmentally-sustainable anaesthesia: a global consensus statement from the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists

The Earth’s mean surface temperature is already approximately 1.1°C higher than pre-industrial levels. Exceeding a mean 1.5°C rise by 2050 will make global adaptation to the consequences of climate change less possible. To protect public health, anaesthesia providers need to reduce the contribution their practice makes to global warming. We convened a Working Group of 45 anaesthesia providers with a recognised interest in sustainability, and used a three-stage modified Delphi consensus process to agree on principles of environmentally sustainable anaesthesia that are achievable worldwide. The Working Group agreed on the following three important underlying statements: patient safety should not be compromised by sustainable anaesthetic practices; high-, middle- and low-income countries should support each other appropriately in delivering sustainable healthcare (including anaesthesia); and healthcare systems should be mandated to reduce their contribution to global warming. We set out seven fundamental principles to guide anaesthesia providers in the move to environmentally sustainable practice, including: choice of medications and equipment; minimising waste and overuse of resources; and addressing environmental sustainability in anaesthetists’ education, research, quality improvement and local healthcare leadership activities. These changes are achievable with minimal material resource and financial investment, and should undergo re-evaluation and updates as better evidence is published. This paper discusses each principle individually, and directs readers towards further important references.     

基于PERK-eIF2α-CHOP通路调控巨噬细胞胆固醇稳态及冠心康含药血清干预机制研究＊

目的 观察具有益气化痰活血作用的冠心康对人单核/巨噬细胞株THP-1细胞PERK-eIF2α信号通路及相关活化转录因子（ATF）和C/EBP同源转录因子（CHOP）的影响，探究冠心康对胆固醇在巨噬细胞内质网中的代谢稳态调节及作为“脂毒”流出后异常沉积的相关作用。方法 采用100 ng·mL^-1 PMA及80 μg·mL^-1氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导THP-1细胞株，构建巨噬细胞模型，并随机分为模型组、冠心康组、辛伐他汀组、正常组。分别采用10%小牛血清及含药血清干预模型细胞72 h后收集细胞。HE染色观察巨噬细胞病理形态变化，同时进行胆固醇及脂滴含量测定。分别采用Real-time PCR及Western blot法检测各组细胞PERK、eIF2α、ATF、CHOP mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果 HE染色观察到模型组细胞内呈现较多红色脂滴，经胆固醇含量测定，明显高于正常组，脂滴含量测定与前者一致（P<0.01）。模型组细胞ATF、CHOP基因表达水平均显著升高（P<0.01）。与模型组比较，冠心康组和辛伐他汀组细胞ATF、CHOP基因表达水平均显著降低（P<0.01）。PERK磷酸化以及CHOP蛋白表达水平在冠心康和辛伐他汀干预组表现为显著下调，与模型组比较，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 冠心康可能通过调控PERK-eIF2α-CHOP通路相关基因及蛋白，减少泡沫细胞形成，从而减轻内质网应激，维持细胞内胆固醇稳态，减少细胞内胆固醇沉积。     

Mesenchymal neoplasms with NTRK and other kinase gene alterations

Kinase alterations are increasingly recognised as oncogenic drivers in mesenchymal tumours. Infantile fibrosarcoma and the related renal tumour, congenital mesoblastic nephroma, were among the first solid tumours shown to harbour recurrent tyrosine kinase fusions, with the canonical ETV6::NTRK3 fusion identified more than 20 years ago. Although targeted testing has long been used in diagnosis, the advent of more robust sequencing techniques has driven the discovery of kinase alterations in an array of mesenchymal tumours. As our ability to identify these genetic alterations has improved, as has our recognition and understanding of the tumours that harbour these alterations. Specifically, this study will focus upon mesenchymal tumours harbouring NTRK or other kinase alterations, including tumours with an infantile fibrosarcoma-like appearance, spindle cell tumours resembling lipofibromatosis or peripheral nerve sheath tumours and those occurring in adults with a fibrosarcoma-like appearance. As publications describing the histology of these tumours increase so, too, do the variety kinase alterations reported, now including NTRK1/2/3, RET, MET, RAF1, BRAF, ALK, EGFR and ABL1 fusions or alterations. To date, these tumours appear locally aggressive and rarely metastatic, without a clear link between traditional features used in histological grading (e.g. mitotic activity, necrosis) and outcome. However, most of these tumours are amenable to new targeted therapies, making their recognition of both diagnostic and therapeutic import. The goal of this study is to review the clinicopathological features of tumours with NTRK and other tyrosine kinase alterations, discuss the most common differential diagnoses and provide recommendations for molecular confirmation with associated treatment implications.     

Association of TPH1 and TPH2 Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Developing Psychoneurological Disorders

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology - The question of the involvement of impairments to the metabolism of melatonin and its precursors (tryptophan and serotonin) in the development of...     

定量分析对常规超声联合超声造影定性误诊甲状腺结节的诊断价值

摘要：目的：探讨超声造影（CEUS）定量分析对常规超声联合CEUS定性诊断误诊为恶性的甲状腺结节与甲状腺乳头状癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法：选取2018年7月至2021年11月在我院超声科行甲状腺常规超声及CEUS检查，术前联合超声诊断为恶性（C-TIRADS≥4b 或 CEUS 表现为低增强和快速消退任一征像）而病理为良性的35位患者共35个结节为研究组；选择同期联合超声诊断与病理一致的甲状腺乳头状癌患者47例做为对照组。分析常规超声及CEUS特征，并将结节整体、中央部、边缘部及邻近正常甲状腺实质作为感兴趣区分别绘制时间-强度曲线（TIC）进行定量分析，比较两组结节各定量参数之间的差异。结果：研究组整体相对上升时间（△RT）以0.45为截断值，诊断恶性结节的敏感度为97.9%，特异度为85.7%，受试者工作（ROC）曲线下面积为0.96；研究组中央区△RT以0.55为截断值，诊断恶性结节的敏感度为95.7%，特异度为82.9%，ROC曲线下面积为0.87；研究组边缘区△RT以0.25为截断值，诊断恶性结节的敏感度为89.4%，特异度为77.1%，ROC曲线下面积为0.89。结论：CEUS定量分析在常规超声联合CEUS定性误诊甲状腺结节的诊断中具有一定的鉴别诊断价值。     

Day-level associations of physical activity and sedentary time in mother–child dyads across three years: a multi-wave longitudinal study using accelerometers

Journal of Behavioral Medicine - Understanding associations between mothers’ and children’s physical activity and sedentary behavior on more fine-grained timescales can provide insights...     

Functional estrogen receptor signal transduction pathway activity and antihormonal therapy response in low-grade ovarian carcinoma

Background

Advanced low-grade ovarian carcinoma (LGOC) is difficult to treat. In several studies, high estrogen receptor (ER) protein expression was observed in patients with LGOC, which suggests that antihormonal therapy (AHT) is a treatment option. However, only a subgroup of patients respond to AHT, and this response cannot be adequately predicted by currently used immunohistochemistry (IHC). A possible explanation is that IHC only takes the ligand, but not the activity, of the whole signal transduction pathway (STP) into account. Therefore, in this study, the authors assessed whether functional STP activity can be an alternative tool to predict response to AHT in LGOC.

Methods

Tumor tissue samples were obtained from patients with primary or recurrent LGOC who subsequently received AHT. Histoscores of ER and progesterone receptor (PR) were determined. In addition, STP activity of the ER STP and of six other STPs known to play a role in ovarian cancer was assessed and compared with the STP activity of healthy postmenopausal fallopian tube epithelium.

Results

Patients who had normal ER STP activity had a progression-free survival (PFS) of 16.1 months. This was significantly shorter in patients who had low and very high ER STP activity, with a median PFS of 6.0 and 2.1 months, respectively (p < .001). Unlike ER histoscores, PR histoscores were strongly correlated to the ER STP activity and thus to PFS.

Conclusions

Aberrant low and very high functional ER STP activity and low PR histoscores in patients with LGOC indicate decreased response to AHT. ER IHC is not representative of functional ER STP activity and is not related to PFS.