Adherence to and persistence with antidiabetic medications and associations with clinical and economic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic literature review

We designed a systematic literature review to identify available evidence on adherence to and persistence with antidiabetic medication in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Electronic screening and congress searches identified real-world noninterventional studies (published between 2010 and October 2020) reporting estimates of adherence to and persistence with antidiabetic medication in adults with T2D, and associations with glycaemic control, microvascular and/or macrovascular complications, hospitalizations and healthcare costs. Ninety-two relevant studies were identified, the majority of which were retrospective and reported US data. The proportions of patients considered adherent (median [range] 51.2% [9.4%-84.3%]) or persistent (median [range] 47.7% [16.9%-94.0%]) varied widely across studies. Multiple studies reported an association between greater adherence/persistence and greater reductions in glycated haemoglobin levels. Better adherence/persistence was associated with fewer microvascular and/or macrovascular outcomes, although there was little consistency across studies in terms of which outcomes were improved. More adherent and more persistent patients were typically less likely to be hospitalized or to have emergency department visits/admissions and spent fewer days in hospital annually than less adherent/persistent patients. Greater adherence and persistence were generally associated with lower hospitalization costs, higher pharmacy costs and lower or budget-neutral total healthcare costs compared with lower adherence/persistence. In conclusion, better adherence and persistence in people with T2D is associated with lower rates of microvascular and/or macrovascular outcomes and inpatient hospitalization, and lower or budget-neutral total healthcare expenditure. Education and treatment strategies to address suboptimal adherence and persistence are needed to improve clinical and economic outcomes.     

三阳型乳腺癌的临床病理学特点及辅助治疗

三阳型乳腺癌是一种较为特殊的乳腺癌类型。虽然发病率低,但是此类型乳腺癌容易发生腋窝淋巴结转移和远处转移。这些临床病理学特点引起人们的高度重视。因此,辅助治疗方案的选择成为影响三阳型乳腺癌患者预后的重要因素。本综述意在整合国内外研究结果以为三阳型乳腺癌患者提供较为合理的个体化治疗方案。     

Influence of pitch size and age category on the physical and physiological responses of young football players during small-sided games using GPS devices

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to compare the physical and physiological responses of young football players of different categories during small-sided games (SSGs) played on different pitch sizes. Forty-eight (24 U-13 and 24 U-14) athletes played a 3 vs. 3 + 1 SSG in two experimental conditions: regular (36 × 27 m) and large pitch sizes (40 × 29 m). The total distance covered, the distances covered at different speed zones (0 to 6.9 km/h, 6.9 to 14.3, and 14.3 to 21.4), maximum heart rate, and mean heart rate were recorded. The results showed that older athletes covered larger distances during SSGs (p = 0.001; d = 0.937; large effect) and lower distances at the lowest (0–6.9 km/h) speed zone (p = 0.001; d = 0.657; moderate-to-large effect). Neither the physical nor physiological variables (except for distance covered between 14.3 and 21.4 km/h) differed between pitch sizes. This result indicates that pitch size may not impact the physical or physiological responses of U-13 and U-14 players during SSGs, but differences between categories were found. In conclusion, the development of tactical skills may be desirable to better explore the available space in the same age categories.     

Oncogenic properties and signaling basis of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene

Hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid are rare and mostly benign epithelial neoplasms of follicular cell origin, which have recently been shown to be underpinned by the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene. In our study, we sought to investigate the potential oncogenic mechanisms of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene. Forced expression of PAX8-GLIS3 was found to increase proliferation, clonogenic potential and migration of human nonmalignant thyroid (Nthy-ori 3-1) and embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Moreover, in xenografts, Nthy-ori 3-1 PAX8-GLIS3 expressing cells generated significantly larger and more proliferative tumors compared to controls. These oncogenic effects were found to be mediated through activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Targeting of smoothened (SMO), a key protein in the SHH pathway, using the small molecule inhibitor Cyclopamine partially reversed the increased proliferation, colony formation and migration in PAX8-GLIS3 expressing cells. Our data demonstrate that the oncogenic effects of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene are, at least in part, due to an increased activation of the SHH pathway.     

王曙辉围剿推拿疗法治疗不寐经验

对王曙辉教授运用围剿推拿疗法治疗不寐的临床经验进行总结。王曙辉教授将阴阳、脏腑、经络腧穴理论,生物全息理论与推拿手法相结合,总结提炼出围剿推拿疗法。通过对不寐患者的头面、颈项、肩背等部位进行手法治疗,达到疏通经络、行气活血、调和脏腑、理筋整复、平衡阴阳的效果。围剿推拿疗法对于不寐的治疗取得了较好的临床效果。     

改良Soave术治疗先天性直肠肛管狭窄的疗效分析

目的总结分析改良Soave术治疗先天性直肠肛管狭窄的临床疗效,探讨准确诊断和一期治愈的手术方法。方法回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院2015年1月至2018年1月采用改良Soave术治疗5例先天性直肠肛管狭窄患儿的疗效。其中男3例,女2例,年龄4个月至6岁,病程1个月至6年,均足月出生,5例大肠气钡双重造影提示均合并继发性巨结肠,临床表现可排细条状大便。结果5例患儿术后手术切口一期愈合,排便通畅,术后1个月无小肠结肠炎、吻合口出血、吻合口漏、肌鞘感染、泌尿系统感染、腹膜炎;随访12~37个月,远期无便秘,无梗阻综合征、吻合口狭窄,无二次入院。其中1例远期出现Ⅰ°直肠脱垂,随访该患儿停止扩肛3个月后直肠黏膜脱垂频率较扩肛期间逐渐减少,截至术后15个月时已无直肠黏膜脱垂,排便正常,平均1次/d。1例远期夜间偶有污便,随访该患儿术后1年夜间偶有污便,日间控便正常,可保证生活质量。结论小儿先天性直肠肛管狭窄治疗方法尚无统一标准,常合并继发性巨结肠,改良Soave术为一期手术治愈先天性直肠肛管狭窄提供可能。准确诊断主要依据大肠气钡双重造影,狭窄段主要位于耻尾线(PC线)与I线之间。