麻醉前应用抗胆碱能药物的广东省专家共识(2021版)

抗胆碱能药物在临床应用历史悠久,最初被应用于呼吸系统疾病的治疗。目前,抗胆碱能药物作为重要的术前用药,其术前应用是保证临床麻醉安全实施的重要措施,在促进患者术后快速康复中扮演重要角色。目前抗胆碱能药物种类较多,作用机制不同,术前规范并合理使用抗胆碱能药物可防范麻醉及手术因素所致的风险,保证患者围手术期安全,提高围手术期麻醉管理质量。为进一步规范术前抗胆碱能药物使用,受广东省医学会麻醉学分会的委托,本专家共识邀请省内相关领域麻醉专家,根据国内外最新研究进展和专家共识及指南,结合各中心术前应用抗胆碱能药物的临床实践经验,从抗胆碱能药物在临床麻醉中的应用及在围手术期的应用、麻醉前应用抗胆碱能药物的选择与考虑、抗胆碱能药物的用法用量及注意事项等方面,对术前应用抗胆碱能药物的要点进行阐述。     

先天性心脏病麻醉协会会议综述

借助2007年儿科麻醉学大会成功举办的契机，先天性心脏病麻醉协会（The Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society，CCAS）在亚利桑那州菲尼克斯市成立，并召开了第一次会议。儿科心脏病重症监护协会（PICU）在此之前成功举办了两个关于儿科心脏病麻醉的会议，为CCAS的成立奠定了基础。今后，CCAS年会将分别与冬季儿科麻醉协会（Winter Socity for Pediatric Anesthesia）庄羡国儿科学会赞助的儿科麻醉协会和儿科心脏病重症监护协会轮流召开年会。     

大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤后肠黏膜差异表达蛋白质组的分离与鉴定

3、醛脱氢酶和醛糖还原酶,前3种酶与改善能量代谢相关,后3种酶与抗氧化应激、抑制凋亡相关.结论 建立了重复性较好的正常与II/R损伤后大鼠肠黏膜组织的双向凝胶电泳图谱.II/R的损伤机制可能与顺乌头酸酶、丙酮酸激酶、细胞色素C还原酶、蛋白二硫化物异构酶A3、醛脱氧酶和醛糖还原酶的下调有关.     

子宫内膜异位症患者在位和异位内膜组织中 人β防御素-2的表达

 【目的】 检测人β防御素-2(hBD-2)在正常子宫内膜&#65380;子宫内膜异位症(内异症)患者的在位和异位内膜组织中的表达,探讨hBD-2在内异症发病中的作用&#65377;【方法】 选择25例内异症患者的卵巢异位内膜组织(异位内膜组)和相应的在位子宫内膜(在位内膜组),以及25例非子宫内膜异位症的子宫肌瘤患者(对照组)的子宫内膜组织&#65377;采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-Time PCR)和原位杂交技术检测各组内膜组织中hBD-2的基因表达,以及hBD-2在内异症不同临床分期的异位内膜和在位内膜组织中的表达差异&#65377;【结果】 异位内膜组内膜组织中hBD-2的基因表达水平显著高于在位内膜组和对照组(P < 0.05)&#65377;在位内膜组和对照组子宫内膜组织中hBD-2的基因表达水平,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)&#65377;异位内膜组中,hBD-2临床分期表达为Ⅰ期高于Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期&#65380;Ⅱ期高于Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)&#65377; 【结论】 异位内膜组织中hBD-2的高表达可能参与了内异症的发病&#65377;     

黄芪对失血性休克再灌注大鼠小肠粘膜iNOS和ET蛋白表达的影响

目的观察大鼠失血性休克再灌注后诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和内皮素(ET)在小肠粘膜的表达及黄芪对它们的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分成对照组、模型组和黄芪组。复制重度失血性休克及复苏动物模型,黄芪于再灌注前静脉注入,造模完成后观察各组动物小肠粘膜病理学变化,用免疫组化法检测肠粘膜组织诱导型iNOS和ET表达。结果模型组肠粘膜损伤最重,黄芪具有保护缺血-再灌注肠粘膜的作用,对照组肠粘膜无损伤;Chiu’s评分模型组最大,黄芪组次之,对照组最低(P<0·01)。各组肠粘膜均可见到iNOS和ET表达。模型组iNOS表达明显增强,表达的灰度值明显高于其它两组(P<0·05);黄芪组比对照组有增高趋势,但两组间表达的灰度值无显著性差异。模型组和黄芪组ET表达灰度评分值高于对照组(P<0·05),与模型组相比,黄芪组肠粘膜ET表达灰度值虽有所降低,但无显著性差异。结论黄芪能减少失血性休克再灌注小肠粘膜组织iNOS表达,这可能与其抗失血性休克再灌注肠粘膜的损伤机制有关。     

缺血预处理-后处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning on the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Forty healthy male SD weighing 225-275 g were randomly assigned into 5 groups ( n = 8 each): group I sham operation (group S) ; group II intestinal IR (group IIR); group Ⅲ ischemic preconditioning (group Ipr); group IV ischemic postconditioning (group Ipo); group V Ipr+ Ipo. The rats were anesthetized with intraperitonel 20% urethane 5 ml/kg. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 60 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. In group S, SMA was isolated but not occluded. In group Ipr, SMA was occluded for 10 min followed by 10 min reperfusion, and the rest procedures were performed using the method described in group IIR. In group Ipo, 60 min ischemia was followed by three 30 s episodes of ischemia at 30 s intervals for reperfusion. In group Ipr+ Ipo, Ipr was performed followed by Ipo and the procedures were performed using the methods described in group Ipr and Ipo. The animals were killed at 60 min of reperfusion. The intestinal tissues were immediately removed for determination of MDA content, SOD and MPO activities and the degree of damage to intestinal mucous membrane was scored according to Chiu score. Arterial blood samples were taken for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α and 1L-6. Results Compared with group S, Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased, whereas SOD activity decreased in the other 4 groups ( P < 0.05). Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly decreased, whereas SOD activity increased in group Ipr, Ipo and Ipr + Ipo as compared with group IIR ( P < 0.05). Chiu score and MDA content were significantly lower, whereas SOD activity higher in group Ipr + Ipo than in group Ipr and Ipo ( P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the indices between group Ipr and group Ipo ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning can attenuate the intestinal IR injury in rats, and the efficacy is better than that of either Ipr or Ipo alone.     

大鼠肠缺血再灌注时肺组织β-防御素-2 mRNA表达的变化

目的 观察大鼠肠缺血再灌注时肺组织β-防御素-2(BD-2)mRNA表达的变化.方法 72只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组(n=36):假手术组(S组)和肠缺血再灌注组(II/R组).采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉(SMA)的方法制备肠缺血再灌注模型.II/R组阻断SMA 1 h后再灌注,S组仅分离SMA.分别于再灌注即刻(T0),再灌注15(T1)、30(T2)、60 min(T3)、3 h(T4)和6 h(T5)时处死6只大鼠,取肺组织,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果,计算肺通透性指数(PPI),检测肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量和BD-2 mRNA表达水平.结果 S组肺组织结构未见异常,II/R组出现肺水肿和中性粒细胞浸润.与S组比较,II/R组再灌注各时点PPI升高,BD-2 mRNA表达上调,T0-3时TNF-a含量升高(P＜0.05或0.01).II/R组BD-2 mRNA表达水平与TNF-a含量及PPI的相关系数分别为0.823和-0.615(P＜0.01).结论 大鼠肠缺血再灌注时肺组织BD-2基因表达上调.     

缺血预处理-后处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning on the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Forty healthy male SD weighing 225-275 g were randomly assigned into 5 groups ( n = 8 each): group I sham operation (group S) ; group II intestinal IR (group IIR); group Ⅲ ischemic preconditioning (group Ipr); group IV ischemic postconditioning (group Ipo); group V Ipr+ Ipo. The rats were anesthetized with intraperitonel 20% urethane 5 ml/kg. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 60 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. In group S, SMA was isolated but not occluded. In group Ipr, SMA was occluded for 10 min followed by 10 min reperfusion, and the rest procedures were performed using the method described in group IIR. In group Ipo, 60 min ischemia was followed by three 30 s episodes of ischemia at 30 s intervals for reperfusion. In group Ipr+ Ipo, Ipr was performed followed by Ipo and the procedures were performed using the methods described in group Ipr and Ipo. The animals were killed at 60 min of reperfusion. The intestinal tissues were immediately removed for determination of MDA content, SOD and MPO activities and the degree of damage to intestinal mucous membrane was scored according to Chiu score. Arterial blood samples were taken for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α and 1L-6. Results Compared with group S, Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased, whereas SOD activity decreased in the other 4 groups ( P < 0.05). Chiu score, MDA content, MPO activity, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly decreased, whereas SOD activity increased in group Ipr, Ipo and Ipr + Ipo as compared with group IIR ( P < 0.05). Chiu score and MDA content were significantly lower, whereas SOD activity higher in group Ipr + Ipo than in group Ipr and Ipo ( P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the indices between group Ipr and group Ipo ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Ischemic preconditioning-postconditioning can attenuate the intestinal IR injury in rats, and the efficacy is better than that of either Ipr or Ipo alone.     

肠缺血后处理对兔缺血再灌注损伤小肠上皮细胞线粒体形态和功能的影响

目的观察缺血后处理对小肠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法30只大白兔随机分为3组，每组8只：A组，假手术组；B组，肠缺血再灌注损伤模型组；C组，肠缺血再灌注损伤模型肠缺血后处理组，实验结束后取小肠标本进行小肠上皮细胞形态和呼吸功能指标测定。结果A、C两组线粒体的数目、周长均大于B组，A、C两组问比较，A组较大（P〈0．05）。A、C两组线粒体的面积、最大直径、最小直径、等效直径均小于B组（P〈0．05），A、C两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。B组线粒体的体积密度小于A组，面积密度、比表面和粒子数密度均小于其余两组（P〈0．05）。A、C两组间三维平面形态计量学各参数比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；B、C组线粒体呼吸控制比率（RCR）低于A组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），与C组比较，B组下降更为明显（P〈0．05）。结论小肠缺血后处理对缺血再灌注损伤肠上皮细胞线粒体形态和功能均有保护作用。