Management of liver injuries in Zaria, Nigeria

The records of 37 patients with liver injuries operated upon at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria from 1976 to 1987 were reviewed. There were 31 males and 6 females with a mean age of 22 years. Sixty-two per cent were due to blunt injury from road traffic accidents, 14 per cent were due to gunshot wounds and 5 per cent due to stab wounds as a result of assaults. Treatment with simple suture and drainage sufficed in 49 per cent; only 16 per cent required resection, packing and drainage. Associated injuries included long bone fractures and chest trauma. The most common complication was sepsis and the overall mortality was 19 per cent.     

Detecting pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics.

BACKGROUND: A subgroup of children with obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders are proposed to have an infectious trigger. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between group A streptococcal titers and symptom fluctuations in children with a clinical course resembling that described for pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus. METHODS: Twenty-five children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or tic disorder were evaluated for neuropsychiatric severity and group A streptococcal antibody titers (streptolysin O, deoxyribonuclease B, and carbohydrate A) at 6-week intervals for > or = six consecutive evaluations (total visits=277). RESULTS: Children with large symptom fluctuations (n=15) were compared with children without dramatic fluctuations (n=10). Co-movements of obsessive-compulsive/tic severity and group A streptococcal antibodies were assessed. In subjects with large symptom changes, positive correlations were found between streptococcal titers and obsessive-compulsive severity rating changes (p=.0130). These subjects were also more likely to have elevated group A streptococcal titers during the majority of observations (p=.001). Tic symptom exacerbations occurred more often in the fall/winter months than spring/summer months (p=.03). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with marked obsessive-compulsive/tic symptom changes may be characterized by streptococcal titer elevations and exhibit evidence of seasonal tic exacerbations.     

Penile malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (schwannoma) in a three-year-old child without evidence of neurofibromatosis.

Malignant schwannoma (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, MPNST) is a rare high-grade tumour arising from peripheral nerves. We report the case of a 3-year-old male who presented with a non-tender lesion on the dorsum of his penis. The lesion was excised and a formal circumcision performed. Histology of the lesion revealed a spindle cell tumour. Immunohistochemistry showed the tumour cells to be strongly positive for S100 and Vimentin. A diagnosis of intermediate grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour was made. Malignant schwannoma is rare in children and is previously unreported in the penis in the paediatric age group without evidence of neurofibromatosis.     

The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the growth of dermatophytes.

Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) is frequently used as a solvent for antifungal drugs in various studies to determine their MICs. Reports on comparative evaluation of methods for the susceptibility testing of antifungal drugs have shown there is poor agreement among methods. Besides other factors which could cause variability in the results, one important factor might be the effect of DMSO on the growth of fungi. The effect of DMSO on the growth of some species of Candida has been reported in the literature. The present study aimed at determination of the effect of different concentrations of DMSO (0.125 to 10%) on the growth of dermatophytes by agar diffusion method. There was no growth of fungi in 10% DMSO, between 1.25 and 5% there was a rather linear dose-related inhibitory effect on the growth, significantly different from the controls, and below 1% there was a variable effect among the species. DMSO down to 0.25% significantly inhibited the growth of most strains of M. canis. The lower concentrations of DMSO, which apparently do not affect the growth of fungi, may potentiate the effect of antifungal drugs.     

Gangliosides of cultured astroglia

Cultured astrocytes prepared from newborn rat brain and 13-day-old chick embryonic brain were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for ganglioside content. All preparations contained approximately the same total level: 2.4-3.4 micrograms N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc)/mg protein. In contrast, the value for primary cultures of neurons from chick embryonic brain was 5.9. The non-hexosamine-containing species, GM3 and GD3, comprised 75-85% of the total in astroglial cultures, the remainder consisting mainly of structural types other than the gangliotetraose series; choleragenoid assay revealed the latter to be virtually absent or to comprise at most a few percent. Deficiency of gangliotetraose synthesizing ability was indicated by the very low level of UDP-GalNac:GM3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase detected in the cells. Treatment of cultured astrocytes with astroglial growth factor 2 or dibutyryl cyclic AMP caused little if any change in quantity or pattern of gangliosides. The large majority of cells stained in a manner characteristic of astrocytes: positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, negative for galactosyl ceramides. Staining with cholera toxin and anti-GM1 antibody was essentially negative, as was that with tetanus toxin, A2B5 monoclonal antibody, and antibody to GD3. All evidence thus points to cultured astrocytes of rat and chick brain containing appreciable gangliosides, most of which are GM3 and GD3 with the majority of the remainder comprising structures other than the gangliotetraose type.