Objectives:The demographic changes in Europe underline the need for an extension of working lives. This study investigates the importance of physical work demands and psychosocial work factors for working beyond the state pension age (65 years).Methods:We combined data from three cohorts of the general working population in Denmark (DWECS 2005 and 2010, and DANES 2008), where actively employed workers aged 55–59 years replied to questionnaires about work environment and were followed until the age of 66 years in the Danish AMRun register of paid employment. Using logistic regression analyses, we calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between physical and psychosocial work factors and working beyond state pension age, adjusted for age, sex, cohort, cohabiting, sector, income, vocational education, working hours, lifestyle, and previous sickness absence.Results:Of the 2884 workers aged 55–59 years, 1023 (35.5%) worked beyond the state pension age. Higher physical work demands was associated with a lower likelihood (PR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58–0.82) and a good psychosocial work environment was associated with higher likelihood (average of 7 items: PR 1.81, 95% CI 1.49–2.20) of working beyond state pension age. Stratified analyses did not change the overall pattern, ie, a good overall psychosocial work environment – as well as several specific psychosocial factors – increased the likelihood of working beyond state pension age, both for those with physically active and seated work.Conclusion:While high physical work demands was a barrier, a good psychosocial work environment seems to facilitate working beyond state pension age, also for those with physically active work. 相似文献
ObjectivesThe study aimed to identify changes in health literacy (HL) and associated variables during the first year following a kidney transplantation.MethodsA total of 196 transplant recipients were included in a prospective follow-up study. The patients answered the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) at 5 days, 8 weeks, 6 and 12 months following the kidney transplantation. Mixed linear models were used to analyze changes in HL and backward elimination was used to identify variables associated with HL.ResultsTwo main patterns of change were identified: a) HL increased during the first 8 weeks of close follow-up and b) in several domains, the positive increase from 5 days to 8 weeks flattened out from 5 days to 6 and 12 months. Self-efficacy, transplant-related knowledge, and general health were core variables associated with HL.ConclusionsOverall, HL increased during the 8 weeks of close follow-up following the kidney transplantation, while 6 months seem to be a more vulnerable phase. Furthermore, low self-efficacy, less knowledge, and low self-perceived health may represent vulnerable characteristics in patients.Practical implicationsFuture kidney transplant care should take into account patients’ access to and appraisal of health information and social support, and draw attention to potentially vulnerable groups. 相似文献
Spatially varying distortions (SVDs) are common artifacts of spectacles like progressive additional lenses (PALs). To habituate to distortions of PALs, the visual system has to adapt to distortion-induced image alterations, termed skew adaptation. But how this visual adjustment is achieved is largely unknown. This study examines the properties of visual adaptation to distortions of PALs in natural scenes. The visual adaptation in response to altered form and motion features of the natural stimuli were probed in two different psychophysical experiments. Observers were exposed to distortions in natural images, and form and motion aftereffects were tested subsequently in a constant stimuli procedure where subjects were asked to judge the skew, or the motion direction of an according test stimulus.Exposure to skewed natural stimuli induced a shift in perceived undistorted form as well as motion direction, when viewing distorted dynamic natural scenes, and also after exposure to static distorted natural images. Therefore, skew adaptation occurred in form and motion for dynamic visual scenes as well as static images. Thus, specifically in the condition of static skewed images and the test feature of motion direction, cortical interactions between motion-form processing presumably contributed to the adaptation process.In a nutshell, interfeature cortical interactions constituted the adaptation process to distortion of PALs. Thus, comprehensive investigation of adaptation to distortions of PALs would benefit from taking into account content richness of the stimuli to be used, like natural images. 相似文献
International Urology and Nephrology - There have been conflicting data on the relative frequency of common forms of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). We undertook this study to look at the causes... 相似文献
Alterations in immunological homeostasis induced by acute exercise have been frequently reported. In view of the growing amount of repetitive exercise stimuli in competitive sports, quick recovery plays a superior role. Therefore, we examined whether aqua cycling affects cellular immunological recovery.
Methods
After performing 300 countermovement jumps with maximal effort male sport students (n = 20; 24.4 ± 2.2 years) were randomized into either an aqua cycling (AC) or a passive recovery (P) group. AC pedaled in chest-deep water without resistance, while P lay in a supine position. Each recovery protocols lasted 30 min. Blood samples were taken at Baseline, Post-exercise, Post-recovery and 1 h (h), 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after recovery. Outcomes comprised white blood cell (WBC) counts, lymphocyte (LYM) counts and LYM subsets (CD4/CD8 ratio). Additionally, cellular inflammation markers (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)) were calculated.
Results
In both groups, WBC, NLR and SII were significantly increased compared to Baseline up to and including 4 h after recovery. Significant interaction effects were found for WBC (Post-recovery, 2 h and 4 h), NLR (Post-recovery), SII (Post-recovery) and CD4/CD8 ratio (2 h) with values of AC being higher than of P.
Conclusions
Interestingly, AC provoked a stronger but not prolonged immunological disturbance than P. NLR and SII may present simple, more integrative markers to screen exercise-induced alterations in immune homeostasis/recovery in athletes and clinical populations. More research is warranted to elucidate the clinical and practical relevance of these findings.
Handling small animals for veterinary and experimental procedures can negatively affect animal wellbeing. We hypothesized that playful handling (tickling) would decrease stress associated with repeated injections in adult laboratory rats, especially those with prior tickling experience. We compared responses of 4 groups of male Sprague–Dawley rats to intraperitoneal injection of saline daily for 10 d. Rats either tickled or not tickled as juveniles (2 min/d for 21 d) were exposed as adults to either a passive hand or tickling for 2 min immediately before and after injections. Rates of vocalization (22- and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV), indicative of negative and positive affective states, respectively, and audible calls indicative of pain and discomfort) were quantified before, during, and after injection. Tickling before and after injection, especially when combined with juvenile tickling experience (ending 40 to 50 d earlier), increased 50-kHz USV rates before and after injection, reduced audible call rate during injection, and decreased the duration of the injection procedure. The treatments did not affect indicators of physiologic stress (body weight change; fecal corticosteroid levels). We conclude that playful handling performed in association with a mildly aversive procedure serves as a useful refinement by inducing a positive affective state that mitigates the aversiveness of the procedure and makes rats easier to handle, especially when they have been accustomed to tickling as juveniles.Abbreviation: M, exposure to minimal handling; P, exposure to a passive hand; T, exposure to tickling; USV, ultrasonic vocalizationSmall animals can be stressed by handling for veterinary and experimental medical procedures such as injection, blood sampling, and ear notching, and the stress is magnified if an aversive procedure has to be repeated for several days.2,19 Handling also can result in injuries to both humans and animals when fearful animals struggle to escape and scratch or bite the handler. To avoid adverse effects on overall animal welfare and experimental outcomes, habituation of animals to handling at times when they are not exposed to stressful procedures has been recommended so that routine handling does not become associated with occasional aversive experiences.27 Although repeated brief exposures to a passive hand or hand restraint have some habituating effects on juvenile laboratory rats, the use of a playful handling technique is more effective in overcoming fear of humans.16Friendly social contact between animals can serve to buffer them against aversive events.1,25 Considering that laboratory rats respond similarly to humans as to conspecifics when engaged in positive interaction,31,38,43 humans as well as conspecifics could perhaps serve as social buffers. Therefore, handling rats in a manner that simulates the bodily contact that occurs during social play could have effects similar to social play between rats in dampening negative emotional responses33 and attenuating the effects of unpleasant medical procedures.Humans can mimic the playful rough-and-tumble behavior of rats by alternately tickling the rat''s nape (dorsal contact) and ventral surface (pinning) by using vigorous, rapid finger movements. This form of interaction (tickling) has been shown to induce a positive motivational state in rats and to be actively solicited by the animals.8,16,31 Tickling also shows some of the attributes of a social buffer as it involves positive physical contacts and the release of dopamine and opioids, all of which are important in the transmission of social buffering effects.6,10,11,25 Therefore, tickling could be a useful and practical refinement by attenuating the aversiveness of veterinary and experimental medical procedures.In a previous study in which intraperitoneal injections were given on a daily basis, we found no significant benefit of tickling adult male rats immediately after each injection compared with the provision of a food reward, stroking, or control treatments.14 Therefore, repeatedly experiencing a positive stimulus immediately after injections was insufficient to overcome the aversiveness of future injections; providing a positive stimulus both before and after an aversive procedure may have a stronger, more lasting effect. In addition, in another study we found that rats that had been tickled by their caretakers during late adolescence spent more time rearing near an experimenter (interpreted as nonfearful monitoring) after a single intraperitoneal injection compared to minimally handled rats.16 Therefore, experiencing tickling as juveniles, when rats are most playful29,32 and correspondingly most receptive to tickling,30 could facilitate adaptation to stressful procedures later in life.We hypothesized that tickling decreases stress associated with repeated exposure to aversive medical procedures in adult laboratory rats, especially when accompanied by prior tickling experience during the juvenile period. We investigated this hypothesis by using rats from a prior study13 in which they either received or did not receive tickling experience as juveniles (25 to 45 d of age). In adulthood (85 to 94 d of age), we exposed these rats to either a passive hand or tickling for 2 min immediately before and after the administration of a daily intraperitoneal injection for 10 d. To assess treatment outcomes, we measured the production of ultrasonic and audible vocalizations. Rat 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) have been validated as indicators of positive affective states,4,7,44 whereas 22-kHz USVs provide information about fear and anxiety,4,7 and audible vocalizations serve as indicators of physical pain and discomfort.4 We expected that tickling immediately before and after injection would increase the production of 50-kHz USV and reduce the production of 22-kHz USV and audible calls before, during, and after injections, compared with exposure to a passive hand. Because tickling reduces fear of humans,16 and hence struggling and escape attempts when handled, we also expected the adult tickling treatment would reduce the duration of the injection procedure as well as physiologic stress associated with repeated injections. We predicted that juvenile tickling experience would enhance the effectiveness of the adult tickling treatment in reducing the aversiveness of repeated injections. 相似文献