3D Quantitative Synthetic MRI in the Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Synthetic MR imaging creates multiple contrast-weighted images based on a single time-efficient quantitative scan, which has been mostly performed for 2D acquisition. We assessed the utility of 3D synthetic MR imaging in patients with MS by comparing its diagnostic image quality and lesion volumetry with conventional MR imaging.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty-four patients with MS prospectively underwent 3D quantitative synthetic MR imaging and conventional T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, and double inversion recovery imaging, with acquisition times of 9 minutes 3 seconds and 18 minutes 27 seconds for the synthetic MR imaging and conventional MR imaging sequences, respectively. Synthetic phase-sensitive inversion recovery images and those corresponding to conventional MR imaging contrasts were created for synthetic MR imaging. Two neuroradiologists independently assessed the image quality on a 5-point Likert scale. The numbers of cortical lesions and lesion volumes were quantified using both synthetic and conventional image sets.RESULTS:The overall diagnostic image quality of synthetic T1WI and double inversion recovery images was noninferior to that of conventional images (P = .23 and .20, respectively), whereas that of synthetic T2WI and FLAIR was inferior to that of conventional images (both Ps < .001). There were no significant differences in the number of cortical lesions (P = .17 and .53 for each rater) or segmented lesion volumes (P = .61) between the synthetic and conventional image sets.CONCLUSIONS:Three-dimensional synthetic MR imaging could serve as an alternative to conventional MR imaging in evaluating MS with a reduced scan time.

MS is a chronic, immune-mediated, demyelinating disorder of the CNS that usually affects young adults and leads to chronic disability.^1,2 The diagnostic criteria for MS are based on the lesion number, size, and location.³ Although diffuse periventricular lesions are most commonly observed, previous studies have shown that the cortical and juxtacortical lesion load is associated with cognitive impairment.^4,5 Additionally, the detection of cortical and juxtacortical lesions may contribute to early diagnosis because these lesions are characteristic of MS. MR imaging plays an integral role in the diagnosis and management of patients with MS through the in vivo detection and characterization of lesions. Although MR imaging is highly sensitive in detecting periventricular lesions and is considered as a standard biomarker in the monitoring of treatment response,⁶ conventional MR imaging techniques have a relatively low sensitivity for detecting (juxta)cortical lesions. Phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) and double inversion recovery (DIR) are recently developed imaging techniques useful for detecting MS lesions, especially (juxta)cortical ones.^7,8 The PSIR preserves the positive and negative polarities of tissues as they recover from the inversion pulse, thus providing a T1-weighted contrast with higher SNR and GM-WM contrast. DIR is an imaging technique that suppresses both WM and CSF signals, thus significantly increasing lesion conspicuity in both GM and WM compared with FLAIR or T2-weighted images. PSIR and DIR have been shown to improve sensitivity compared with FLAIR or T2-weighted images in the detection of cortical lesions. However, the additional scanning time associated with PSIR and DIR has hindered the use of these techniques in clinical practice. Thus, a rapid imaging technique that can acquire these contrast-weighted images with high spatial resolution is desired.Quantitative synthetic MR imaging is a time-efficient MR imaging technique that enables simultaneous quantification of T1 and T2 relaxation times and proton attenuation and allows the creation of any contrast-weighted image, including DIR and PSIR, without additional scanning time.^9–13 Previous studies have shown that synthetic MR imaging is useful for detecting and characterizing MS lesions.^10,11,14 However, these studies were based on a multisection 2D acquisition, providing a relatively low resolution in the section direction. 3D quantitative synthetic MR imaging, enabling the simultaneous quantification of T1, T2, and proton attenuation of the whole brain in 3D,^15–17 with smaller section thickness, should allow for more detailed delineation of MS lesions. With the combination of high spatial resolution 3D acquisition and DIR as well as PSIR contrasts, 3D quantitative synthetic MR imaging could serve as a clinically useful technique for monitoring MS lesions.Here, we assessed the utility of the recently developed 3D quantitative synthetic MR imaging for evaluating MS lesions by comparing the synthetic and conventional MR image sets. We hypothesized that 3D synthetic MR imaging would have a comparable diagnostic quality with that of a conventional image set (including 3D FLAIR and DIR) while shortening the total acquisition time.     

Effect of a Device-Free Compressed Shell Fixation Method on Hepatic Respiratory Movement: Analysis for Respiratory Amplitude of the Liver and Internal Motions of a Fiducial Marker

Purpose

Suppression of respiratory movement of the liver would be desirable for high-precision radiation therapy for liver tumors. We aimed to investigate the effect of our original device-free compressed shell fixation method and breathing instruction on suppression of respiratory movement. The characteristics of liver motion based on the movement of a fiducial marker were also analyzed.

Neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders-related axonal degeneration in Parkinson's disease

Neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders have significant consequences for quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In the current study, we evaluated microstructural white matter (WM) alterations associated with neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders in PD using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) and linked independent component analysis (LICA). The indices of NODDI were compared between 20 and 19 patients with PD with and without neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders, respectively, and 25 healthy controls using tract-based spatial statistics and tract-of-interest analyses. LICA was applied to model inter-subject variability across measures. A widespread reduction in axonal density (indexed by intracellular volume fraction [ICVF]) was demonstrated in PD patients with and without neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders, as compared with healthy controls. Compared with patients without neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders, patients with neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders exhibited more extensive (posterior predominant) decreases in axonal density. Using LICA, ICVF demonstrated the highest contribution (59% weight) to the main effects of diagnosis that reflected widespread decreases in axonal density. These findings suggest that axonal loss is a major factor underlying WM pathology related to neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders in PD, whereas patients with neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders had broader axonal pathology, as compared with those without. LICA suggested that the ICVF can be used as a useful biomarker of microstructural changes in the WM related to neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders in PD.     

Association of gBRCA1/2 mutation locations with ovarian cancer risk in Japanese patients from the CHARLOTTE study

Whether germline (g) breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutations are located within or outside the ovarian cancer cluster region (OCCR) (1380‐4062 bp for gBRCA1, and between 3249‐5681 bp and 6645‐7471 bp for gBRCA2) may influence risk variations for ovarian cancers. This ad hoc analysis of the CHARLOTTE epidemiological study in Japan assessed the distribution of gBRCA1/2 mutations in patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer, and investigated an association between gBRCA1/2 mutation locations and ovarian cancer risk. Differences in patient background and clinical characteristics in subgroups stratified by gBRCA1/2 mutation locations were also evaluated. We analyzed the data of 93 patients (14.7%) from the CHARLOTTE study who were positive for gBRCA1/2 mutations. After excluding 16 cases with L63X founder mutation, 28 (65.1%) of gBRCA1 mutations were within the OCCR. Of 30 gBRCA2 mutations, 15 (50.0%) were within the OCCR. Of 27 patients (one patient excluded for unknown family history) with gBRCA1 mutations located in the OCCR, 11 (40.7%) had a family history of ovarian cancer; the proportion of patients with a family history of ovarian cancer and gBRCA1 mutations outside the OCCR was lower (13.3%). Sixty percent of patients with gBRCA1 mutations outside the OCCR had a family history of breast cancer; the proportion of patients with a family history of breast cancer and gBRCA1 mutations within the OCCR was relatively lower (33.3%). Understanding the mutation locations may contribute to more accurate risk assessments of susceptible individuals and early detection of ovarian cancer among gBRCA mutation carriers.