A methodological approach to the classification of dermoscopy images.

In this paper a methodological approach to the classification of pigmented skin lesions in dermoscopy images is presented. First, automatic border detection is performed to separate the lesion from the background skin. Shape features are then extracted from this border. For the extraction of color and texture related features, the image is divided into various clinically significant regions using the Euclidean distance transform. This feature data is fed into an optimization framework, which ranks the features using various feature selection algorithms and determines the optimal feature subset size according to the area under the ROC curve measure obtained from support vector machine classification. The issue of class imbalance is addressed using various sampling strategies, and the classifier generalization error is estimated using Monte Carlo cross validation. Experiments on a set of 564 images yielded a specificity of 92.34% and a sensitivity of 93.33%.     

Elevation of oxidative stress in the aorta of genetically hypertensive mice

Hypertension is an age-dependent disorder. Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a role in aging and age-dependent disorders. The objective of this study is to examine the oxidant and antioxidant status in the aorta of a mouse model with high blood pressure (BPH). Our results showed that the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the aorta of BPH mice was approximately 2.6-fold higher than that of the normal blood pressure (BPN) mice, suggesting an increased in vivo oxidative stress in the arterial wall of BPH mice. In addition, the release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from the aorta of BPH mice was significantly faster than that of BPN mice. To determine if the increased H2O2 release is related to a down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes in the arterial wall, we measured the activities of the major antioxidant enzymes in mouse aortas. We observed that the activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 in BPH mice were similar to BPN mice. On the other hand, the catalase activity in the aorta of BPH mice was significantly reduced while the activities of Mn-SOD and extracellular (EC)-SOD in the aorta of BPH mice were significantly elevated as compared with BPN mice. These results suggest that increase in SOD activity and decrease in catalase activity might be responsible for the increased release of H2O2 in the arterial wall of BPH mice.     

Integrin alpha2beta1 affects mechano-transduction in slowly and rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors in rat hairy skin

The role of a transmembrane protein, integrin alpha2beta1, to modulate the neural responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptors to mechanical indentation was examined using an isolated skin-nerve preparation in a rat model. Skin and its intact innervation were harvested from the medial thigh of the hindlimb and placed in a dish containing synthetic interstitial fluid. Using a standard teased nerve preparation, the neural responses of single slowly or rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors (SA or RA, respectively) were identified and the afferents categorized according to standard protocols (i.e. response to constant stimuli). The most sensitive spot of a mechanoreceptor's receptive field was identified and then stimulated using controlled compressive stress (constant or dynamic loads between threshold and saturation load for SAs and RAs, respectively). Loads were applied before, during, and after passive diffusion into the skin of a function-blocking anti-integrin alpha2 monoclonal antibody (FBmAb) or one of two types of control antibodies (immunoglobulin G or a FBmAb conjugated with a secondary antibody). The sensitivities of both SA and RA mechanoreceptors were profoundly reduced in the presence of the FBmAb, while not changing the waveforms of their action potentials or their adaptation properties. Both control antibodies had no significant effect on mechanoreceptors' sensitivities. Following removal of the FBmAb, the effects in some neurons were partially reversible. Taken together, the data from this study support the hypothesis that integrin alpha2beta1 plays a significant role in modulating mechanoreceptive response to compressive indentation.     

Anti-inflammatory actions of interleukin-13: suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and antigen-induced leukocyte accumulation in the guinea pig lung

The Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-13 is believed to play an important role in the development of allergy, although it has also been ascribed anti-inflammatory roles in several experimental models. In this study, we have examined the effects of human recombinant IL-13 on eosinophilic lung inflammation in the guinea pig. IL-13 (1 to 100 ng, given by intratracheal instillation) did not elicit airway eosinophil recruitment. A pronounced accumulation of eosinophils, as well as monocyte/macrophages, was elicited by intratracheal instillation of guinea pig tumor necrosis factor alpha (gpTNF-alpha). Intratracheal administration of IL-13 (1 to 100 ng) given immediately prior to exposure to gpTNF-alpha resulted in a dose-related suppression of eosinophil and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the airways, as assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and eosinophil peroxidase activity in whole-lung homogenates. IL-13 treatment also reduced BAL fluid (BALF) leukocyte accumulation induced by subsequent aerosol antigen challenge of sensitized guinea pigs. Antigen challenge also resulted in elevated levels of immunoreactive eotaxin and eosinophil-stimulating activity in BALF, although only the latter was reduced significantly by IL-13 instillation prior to challenge. In contrast to the suppressive effects of IL-13, instillation of human recombinant IL-4 (100 ng) alone elicited an increase in BALF monocyte/macrophage numbers, and IL-4 was unable to inhibit gpTNF-alpha-induced leukocyte accumulation. Hence, IL-13 (but not human IL-4) exhibits an anti-inflammatory action in the airways of gpTNF-alpha- or antigen-challenged guinea pigs, by mechanisms that may involve the decreased generation of eosinophil-stimulating activity in the airways.     

Auditory brain stem evoked responses (ABRs) in children with delayed speech (DS)—A Diagnostic Problem

The results of analysis of auditory brain- stem evoked responses (ABRS) are reported in 173 patients with delayed speech (DS). The mean age of the patients is 4.6 years (age ranges from 1.4 years to 10 years). The patients were classified into 5 groups based on ABR findings:

中药山豆根的形态组织学研究

对目前国内作山豆根用的9种不同植物来源的生药进行了形态组织学的比较研究,观察并描述了它们的生药性状和组织构造,并列出了生药的分种检索表。     

Troponin I sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

This article describes the sensitivity and specificity of troponin I when compared to creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and electrocardiography (ECG) for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Two different lower levels for defining positive results with troponin I were evaluated. A retrospective study of 153 patients who presented to the emergency department of a community hospital supplied the pool of patients for this study. Patients included in this study were those for whom a CK-MB was ordered. The majority of these patients were evaluated for chest pain or symptoms suggesting an acute cardiac event. Of the 153 patients studied, CK-MB results were positive in 91 (59%) patients; ECG revealed AMI in 72 (47%) patients. There were 103 (67%) patients who had either positive CK-MB or ECG results. Ninety (59%) patients had a troponin I level greater than 2.0 ng/mL, and 18 (12%) patients had a troponin I level between 0.6 and 2.0 ng/mL. Seven patients whose troponin I level was between 0.6 and 2.0 ng/mL had negative CK-MB and ECG results. Therefore, 11 patients with troponin I between 0.6 and 2.0 ng/mL had AMI. Five patients with positive troponin I results (> 2.0 ng/mL) had negative CK-MB and ECG results. When a troponin I level greater than 0.6 ng/mL was used as a positive value, compared to CK-MB and ECG using either time zero or time 6 hours, the sensitivity was 94% and specificity was 81%. When troponin I greater than 2.0 ng/mL was used to define a positive test, the sensitivity was 85% and specificity was 91% when compared to CK-MB and ECG.     

Surgical management of echinococcosis of the heart

A 23-year-old female with an echinococcal cyst in the atrioventricular groove of the heart is reported. The diagnosis and the location of the cyst were confirmed by echocardiography and cardiac catheter. Successful enucleating of the cyst with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass and the length of follow-up is reported, along with a review of relevant literature.     

Exploring the anticancer activities of novel bioactive compounds derived from endophytic fungi: mechanisms of action,current challenges and future perspectives

Cancer is the second leading cause of death all around the world. The natural compounds derived from the endophytic flora of fungi are possible solutions to cancer treatment because they are safe for health, cost-effective, biocompatible and have fewer toxicity issues. The active ingredients in endophytic fungi that are responsible for anti-cancer activities are alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, peptides, steroids, phenols, quinones, and flavonoids. This review highlights the anti-cancer activities of entophytic fungus against human papillary thyroid carcinoma (IHH4), human pancreatic (PANC-1), ovarian (OVCAR-3), hepatic (HepG2), lung (A-549), human lymphoma (U937), human skin carcinoma (A431), breast (MCF-7), and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The emerging evidence suggested that bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic fungi showed their anti-cancer activities by revealing the disturbance of the microtubule network caused by increased levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins that triggers cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, by inhibiting the DNA replication via binding with topoisomerase II, by regulating the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NF-kB, by evaluating the levels of p21, p27, and cyclins B/D1/E that led to cell death by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This review will assist readers in better comprehending bioactive chemicals and the beneficial interaction between the fungal endophytes and medicinal plants.