Use of the Fogg Behavior Model to Assess the Impact of a Social Marketing Campaign on Condom Use in Pakistan

The Fogg Behavior Model (FBM) is a new framework which posits that behavior happens when three factors – motivation, ability, and a prompt – occur in the same moment. The FBM categorizes people into four groups based on motivation and ability and posits that those with high motivation and high ability will adopt a behavior when prompted. Two rounds of panel survey data from 617 married men in urban Pakistan were used to test this hypothesis. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was used for the analysis. The results show the relationships between ability, motivation, the prompt and condom use to be as hypothesized by the FBM. After adjustment for a range of variables including fertility desires, education, and household wealth, the odds of condom use among men with high motivation and high ability were 34 times higher than the odds of condom use among men with low motivation and low ability. Moreover, the association between the prompt and condom use operated through increased motivation and ability. The FBM has potential for use in the design and evaluation of behavior change interventions in developing countries.     

Aetiological factors for oral manifestations of HIV

OBJECTIVES: Describe the oral diseases in HIV-infected individuals in London, UK and identify social and medical factors related to the presence of specific oral diseases.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytic study.
SETTING: Dental clinics.
SUBJECTS: Consecutive sample of 456 patients with HIV infection.
METHODS: Social and medical history and clinical examinations. Univariate and logistic regression analysis.
OUTCOMES: Presence of HIV-associated oral disease.
RESULTS: 80% of patients with AIDS and 50% of patients with HIV had a specific oral disease. The most common diseases were hairy leukoplakia (30%), erythematous candidiasis (24%), pseudomembranous candidiasis (14%), angular chielitis (6%), necrotising periodontal disease (8%) and non-recurrent ulceration (6%).
CONCLUSIONS: The presence of erythematous candidiasis was not related to advanced HIV disease. Pseudomembranous candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia and mucosal ulceration were significantly associated with advanced HIV disease. Smoking was also identified as a strong aetiological factor in oral diseases. Longitudinal studies are required to further explore the prognostic significance of oral diseases in HIV infection.     

健胃愈疡颗粒干预下大鼠胃溃疡黏膜乳癌相关肽和血小板活化因子的表达及与胃黏膜疏水性的相关性研究

目的:观察对胃溃疡复发有较好疗效的健胃愈疡颗粒对溃疡黏膜乳腺癌相关肽和血小板活化因子表达的影响,分析其可能的作用机制。方法:实验于2005-07/2006-07在湘雅医院中心实验室完成。SD大鼠110只,雌雄各半,随机抽签法分为5组,即正常对照组、假手术组、雷尼替丁组、健胃愈疡组,各20只;模型组30只。以Okabe改良法复制大鼠实验性胃溃疡,假手术组仅以生理盐水代替乙酸注入玻管内。造模后24h,雷尼替丁组、健胃愈疡组大鼠分别灌服盐酸雷尼替丁和健胃愈疡颗粒(药物组成为:柴胡、党参、白芍、延胡索、白芨、珍珠层粉、青黛、甘草,湖南湘雅制药有限公司生产)药液10mL/kg,分别相当于2.70,1.62g/kg,1次/d。假手术组、模型组灌服蒸馏水10mL/kg。10d后各组中随机取出10只大鼠剖腹取胃(处死前大鼠禁食24h),90d时将模型组20只大鼠再分为模型复发组和模型非复发组,各10只;除正常对照组、假手术组、模型非复发组大鼠腹腔内注射生理盐水外,其余各组大鼠腹腔内注射白细胞介素1,1μg/kg;在注射48h,大鼠禁食24h后,剖腹取胃。观察其对胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜氨基己糖及磷脂含量、溃疡指数和胃黏膜血流的影响,并用RT-PCR观察乳癌相关肽乳癌相关肽和血小板活化因子表达的变化。结果:实验动物110只,全部进入结果分析。①模型组10,92d胃黏膜血流均低于正常对照组(P<0.01);健胃愈疡组同期胃黏膜血流均高于模型组(P<0.01)。②健胃愈疡组和雷尼替丁组10d溃疡指数均低于模型组(P<0.01,P<0.05);模型复发组、健胃愈疡组和雷尼替丁组92d溃疡指数均高于模型组(P<0.01);健胃愈疡组10,92d溃疡指数及复发率均低于雷尼替丁组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。③模型组10,92d氨基己糖和磷脂含量均低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。健胃愈疡组10,92d氨基己糖和磷脂含量均高于模型组和雷尼替丁组(P<0.01)。溃疡指数与氨基已糖、磷脂含量呈负相关(r=-0.957,-0.960,P<0.01)。④健胃愈疡组和雷尼替丁组10d乳癌相关肽mRNA表达较正常组和假手术组提高,血小板活化因子mRNA的表达下调(P<0.01),健胃愈疡组两指标表达变化较雷尼替丁组显著(P<0.01);模型复发组、健胃愈疡组和雷尼替丁组92d乳癌相关肽mRNA、血小板活化因子mRNA的表达同组10d比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);模型组乳癌相关肽mRNA、血小板活化因子mRNA的表达同组10d比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:健胃愈疡颗粒可提高乳癌相关肽mRNA及下调血小板活化因子mRNA的表达,影响胃黏膜氨基己糖及磷脂含量,可能是其促进溃疡愈合的机制之一。     

体外膜肺氧合技术支持治疗期间患者血乳酸浓度及其预后

目的:探讨体外膜肺氧合支持治疗患者血乳酸浓度的变化和预后。方法:于2004-12/2006-09在中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院因脱离体外循环困难的心脏外科术后患者、扩张性心肌病和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病发生心源性休克的患者共40例进行了体外膜肺氧合支持治疗,按年龄和存活预后分为4组:成人存活组、成人死亡组、儿童存活组、儿童死亡组。分析4组的治疗效果,分别抽取各组患者体外膜肺氧合建立时、体外膜肺氧合运转6h、运转中间时点、停机前6h、停机时的血乳酸浓度。结果:①体外膜肺氧合支持治疗患者40例,成人组26例,20例脱机,16例生存,10例死亡,脱机率76.9%,生存率61.5%;儿童组14例,7例脱机,5例生存,9例死亡,脱机率50.0%,生存率35.0%。②成人或儿童存活组的乳酸浓度都与死亡组有明显差别,存活组血乳酸浓度明显低于死亡组,其中建立和运转6h、中间时点的差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),其余2个时点的差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.001)。组内与建立时比较,中间时点、停止前6h、停止时差异均有显著性意义(P<0.001),血乳酸浓度逐渐降低。结论:经体外膜肺氧合支持治疗的患者,血乳酸浓度明显下降,脱机时血乳酸仍高的患者预后不良。     

A glycolytic phenotype is associated with prostate cancer progression and aggressiveness: a role for monocarboxylate transporters as metabolic targets for therapy

Metabolic adaptation is considered an emerging hallmark of cancer, whereby cancer cells exhibit high rates of glucose consumption with consequent lactate production. To ensure rapid efflux of lactate, most cancer cells express high levels of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), which therefore may constitute suitable therapeutic targets. The impact of MCT inhibition, along with the clinical impact of altered cellular metabolism during prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression, has not been described. Using a large cohort of human prostate tissues of different grades, in silico data, in vitro and ex vivo studies, we demonstrate the metabolic heterogeneity of PCa and its clinical relevance. We show an increased glycolytic phenotype in advanced stages of PCa and its correlation with poor prognosis. Finally, we present evidence supporting MCTs as suitable targets in PCa, affecting not only cancer cell proliferation and survival but also the expression of a number of hypoxia‐inducible factor target genes associated with poor prognosis. Herein, we suggest that patients with highly glycolytic tumours have poorer outcome, supporting the notion of targeting glycolytic tumour cells in prostate cancer through the use of MCT inhibitors. © 2015 Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.     

Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Safe and Successful in Patients With Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome

Background

Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS) is a severe vascular malformation that can lead to hypertrophic osteoarthritis. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) performed in extremities affected with KTS is challenging given the high-risk vascular considerations and occasionally poor bone quality.

Agminated segmental plaque‐type blue nevus associated with hypertrichosis and soft tissue hypertrophy: Report of a case and review of the literature

Blue nevi are common skin neoplasms that typically present as asymptomatic solitary papules, although they may rarely occur in an agminated configuration. We describe a case of agminated blue nevus in a segmental facial distribution associated with soft tissue hypertrophy and hypertrichosis in a 16‐year‐old boy and present a review of the literature. Although they are generally considered to be benign, concurrent soft tissue changes occurring within an agminated blue nevus should be investigated thoroughly to exclude alternate diagnoses.     

Seroepidemiologies of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children,Determined with a New Recombinant Fusion Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

We compared antibodies against human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children. The antibody nadirs for both viruses were at 3 to 5 months, and the majority of children were seropositive for both by 2 years. There was no significant difference in the kinetics of maternal antibody decline or seroconversion relative to the two viruses.