全文获取类型
收费全文 | 757篇 |
免费 | 42篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 2篇 |
儿科学 | 31篇 |
妇产科学 | 2篇 |
基础医学 | 94篇 |
口腔科学 | 14篇 |
临床医学 | 30篇 |
内科学 | 162篇 |
皮肤病学 | 11篇 |
神经病学 | 78篇 |
特种医学 | 83篇 |
外科学 | 76篇 |
综合类 | 123篇 |
预防医学 | 12篇 |
眼科学 | 2篇 |
药学 | 33篇 |
中国医学 | 3篇 |
肿瘤学 | 46篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 13篇 |
2014年 | 11篇 |
2013年 | 13篇 |
2012年 | 21篇 |
2011年 | 18篇 |
2010年 | 31篇 |
2009年 | 33篇 |
2008年 | 35篇 |
2007年 | 21篇 |
2006年 | 37篇 |
2005年 | 27篇 |
2004年 | 27篇 |
2003年 | 19篇 |
2002年 | 19篇 |
2001年 | 17篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 25篇 |
1998年 | 37篇 |
1997年 | 29篇 |
1996年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 20篇 |
1994年 | 35篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 18篇 |
1988年 | 20篇 |
1987年 | 28篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有802条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Henrike Rippberger Marcel M. van Gaalen Rainer K.W. Schwarting Markus W?hr 《Current Neuropharmacology》2015,13(2):220-232
Rats emit high-frequency 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in appetitive situations like social interactions. Drugs of abuse are probably the most potent non-social elicitors of 50-kHz USV, possibly reflecting their euphorigenic properties. Psychostimulants induce the strongest elevation in 50-kHz USV emission, particularly amphetamine (AMPH), either when applied systemically or locally into the nucleus accumbens (Nacc). Emission of AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV depends on test context, such as the presence of conspecifics, and can be manipulated pharmacologically by targeting major neurotransmitter systems, including dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), and serotonin (5-HT), but also protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. Several D1 and D2 receptor antagonists, as well as typical and atypical antipsychotics block the AMPH-induced elevation in 50-kHz USV. Inhibiting D1 and D2 receptors in the Nacc abolishes AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV, indicating a key role for this brain area. NA neurotransmission also regulates AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV emission given that α1 receptor antagonists and α2 receptor agonists exert attenuating effects. Supporting the involvement of the 5-HT system, AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV are attenuated by 5-HT2C receptor activation, whereas 5-HT2C receptor antagonism leads to the opposite effect. Finally, treatment with lithium, tamoxifen, and myricitrin was all found to result in a complete abolishment of the AMPH-induced increase in 50-kHz USV, suggesting the involvement of PKC signaling. Neurotransmitter systems involved in AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV emission only partially overlap with other AMPH-induced behaviors like hyperlocomotion. The validity of AMPH-induced 50-kHz USV as a preclinical model for neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed, particularly with relevance to altered drive and mood seen in bipolar disorder. 相似文献
2.
Ueberschaer M. Patzig M. Mueller K. Schwarting J. Trabold R. Tonn J.-C. 《Journal of neurology》2020,267(11):3421-3424
Journal of Neurology - A 50-year-old patient was admitted with symptoms of intracranial hypotension. MRI revealed a cervical myelomalacia caused by engorged epidural veins leading to a stenosis of... 相似文献
3.
4.
Menke J Kriegsmann J Schimanski CC Schwartz MM Schwarting A Kelley VR 《Cancer research》2012,72(1):187-200
Renal cell carcinoma is increasing in incidence but the molecular mechanisms regulating its growth remain elusive. Coexpression of the monocytic growth factor colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and its receptor CSF-1R on renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) will promote proliferation and antiapoptosis during regeneration of renal tubules. Here, we show that a CSF-1-dependent autocrine pathway is also responsible for the growth of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). CSF-1 and CSF-1R were coexpressed in RCCs and TECs proximally adjacent to RCCs. CSF-1 engagement of CSF-1R promoted RCC survival and proliferation and reduced apoptosis, in support of the likelihood that CSF-1R effector signals mediate RCC growth. In vivo CSF-1R blockade using a CSF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor decreased RCC proliferation and macrophage infiltration in a manner associated with a dramatic reduction in tumor mass. Further mechanistic investigations linked CSF-1 and epidermal growth factor signaling in RCCs. Taken together, our results suggest that budding RCC stimulates the proximal adjacent microenvironment in the kidney to release mediators of CSF-1, CSF-1R, and epidermal growth factor expression in RCCs. Furthermore, our findings imply that targeting CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling may be therapeutically effective in RCCs. 相似文献
5.
6.
The aim of this case report was to present a case of multiple calcified tuberculous lymph nodes found on a panoramic radiograph coincidently diagnosed in an endodontic clinic. A detailed discussion on the differential diagnosis of similar such calcification found in the same region is also presented. A 14‐year‐old girl was referred to our department with the complaint of painless swelling in the left side of the lower jaw. Clinical and radiographical examinations were performed, leading to the initial diagnosis of chronic periapical abscess. The patient's medical history was re‐evaluated. Advanced imaging and excisional biopsy were performed in order to confirm the final diagnosis. Regarding the presenting signs and symptoms of bilateral carious mandibular molars, a periapical inflammatory process was considered in the provisional diagnosis. A thorough examination and investigations were suggestive of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (scrofula), and the patient underwent excision of the same. The clinician should consider the possibility of chronic granulomatous inflammatory lesions in the differential diagnosis of radiopaque lesions. 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Julia Menke Kerstin Amann Lorenzo Cavagna Maria Blettner Arndt Weinmann Andreas Schwarting Vicki R. Kelley 《Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN》2015,26(2):379-389
A noninvasive means to predict the onset and recurrence of lupus nephritis (LN) before overt renal injury is needed to optimize and individualize treatment. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is expressed by kidney tubules at the onset of LN, increases with disease progression, and spills into the circulation in lupus-prone mice. We tested the hypothesis that amplified expression of CSF-1 detected in the serum or urine correlates with intrarenal CSF-1 expression and histopathology (increased macrophage accumulation, activity indices) and clinical kidney disease activity and predicts the onset and recurrence of nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We found increased serum or urine CSF-1 levels in patients with cutaneous, serositis, and musculoskeletal disease; however, the increase in CSF-1 levels was far greater in LN. Moreover, an elevation in serum or urine CSF-1 levels correlated with increasing intrarenal CSF-1 expression and histopathology. By longitudinally tracking patients, we found that elevated serum CSF-1 heralded the initial onset of disease, and a rise in serum or urine CSF-1 predicted recurrences of LN before clinical evidence of glomerular dysfunction and conventional serologic measures, even in patients with other manifestations of SLE. These findings indicate that serial monitoring for a rise in serum or urine CSF-1 levels in patients with SLE reflects kidney histopathology and may predict renal disease activity and the onset and recurrence of LN more accurately than conventional laboratory measures. 相似文献
10.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: a systematic review of medication‐induced salivary gland dysfunction 下载免费PDF全文
A Villa A Wolff N Narayana C Dawes DJ Aframian AM Lynge Pedersen A Vissink A Aliko YW Sia RK Joshi R McGowan SB Jensen AR Kerr J Ekström G Proctor 《Oral diseases》2016,22(5):365-382
The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review of the pathogenesis of medication‐induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD). Review of the identified papers was based on the standards regarding the methodology for systematic reviews set forth by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine IV and the PRISMA statement. Eligible papers were assessed for both the degree and strength of relevance to the pathogenesis of MISGD as well as on the appropriateness of the study design and sample size. A total of 99 papers were retained for the final analysis. MISGD in human studies was generally reported as xerostomia (the sensation of oral dryness) without measurements of salivary secretion rate. Medications may act on the central nervous system (CNS) and/or at the neuroglandular junction on muscarinic, α‐and β‐adrenergic receptors and certain peptidergic receptors. The types of medications that were most commonly implicated for inducing salivary gland dysfunction were those acting on the nervous, cardiovascular, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and alimentary systems. Although many medications may affect the salivary flow rate and composition, most of the studies considered only xerostomia. Thus, further human studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the association between MISGD and the underlying pathophysiology. 相似文献