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The retina, like many cancers, produces energy from glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon is known as aerobic glycolysis and eponymously as the Warburg effect. In recent years, the Warburg effect has become an explosive area of study within the cancer research community. The expanding knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underpinning the Warburg effect in cancer promises to provide a greater understanding of mammalian retinal metabolism and has motivated cancer researchers to target the Warburg effect as a novel treatment strategy for cancer. However, if the molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect are shared by the retina and cancer, treatments targeting the Warburg effect may have serious adverse effects on retinal metabolism. Herein, we provide an updated understanding of the Warburg effect in mammalian retina.  相似文献   
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Periodontal bio‐repositories, which allow banking of clinically validated human data and biological samples, provide an opportunity to derive biomarkers for periodontal diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic activities which are expected to improve patient management. This article presents the establishing of the Malaysian Periodontal Database and Biobank System (MPDBS) which was initiated in 2011 with the aim to facilitate periodontal research. Partnerships were established with collaborating centres. Policies on specimen access, authorship and acknowledgement policies were agreed upon by all participating centres before the initiation of the periodontal biobank. Ethical approval for the collection of samples and data were obtained from institutional ethics review boards. A broad‐based approach for informed consent was used, which covered areas related to quality of life impacts, genetics and molecular aspects of periodontal disease. Sample collection and processing was performed using a standardized protocol. Biobanking resources such as equipment and freezers were shared with the Malaysian Oral Cancer Database and Tissue Bank System (MOCDTBS). In the development of the MPDBS, challenges that were previously faced by the MOCDTBS were considered. Future challenges in terms of ethical and legal issues will be faced when international collaborations necessitate the transportation of specimens across borders.  相似文献   
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Background and Purpose: Uncertainty persists over the effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We assessed the effects of treatment with candesartan in acute ICH and according to different types of hematoma. Methods: Post-hoc analysis of the Scandinavian Candesartan Acute Stroke Trial, a randomized- and placebo-controlled, double-masked trial of candesartan in patients with any stroke within the acute phase (<30 hours) and high systolic blood pressure (≥140 mm Hg). We collected baseline computed tomography scans of participants with ICH, and characterized hematoma volume (planimetric approach), location (deep versus lobar or infratentorial), hemisphere side, and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage. The trial's 2 coprimary effect variables were the composite endpoint of vascular death, stroke or myocardial infarction, and functional outcome at 6 months according to the modified Rankin scale. We used Cox, ordinal, and binary logistic regression for analysis and adjusted for key, predefined prognostic variables. Results: Of 274 participants with ICH, computed tomography scans were available in 205 patients (74.8%). There were no significant differences between the candesartan and placebo groups with respect to hematoma volume (median 15.6 mL versus 13.5 mL, P = .96), deep location (77% versus 72%, P = .64), right hemisphere (49% versus 51%, P = .46), and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (18% versus 11%, P = .22). Candesartan was associated with a significant increase in poor functional outcome in patients with deep hematoma (adjusted common odds ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.23-4.18, P = .009, P for interaction .015), but there was no differential effect on functional outcome or vascular events in any of the other imaging subgroups. Conclusions: Candesartan was not associated with any beneficial effect when initiated in the acute phase of ICH, a possible adverse effect on functional outcome in patients with deep hematomas cannot be ruled out by this study alone.  相似文献   
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Introduction: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are associated with healthcare costs due to hospital admissions or prolonged length of stay, as well as additional interventions. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of observational studies to evaluate the economic impact of preventable ADRs.

Areas covered: Published observational research investigating the cost of preventable ADRs in Western countries (limited to the USA and European countries).

Expert opinion: Several reviews have been carried out in the field of the ADR epidemiology but fewer reviews have investigated the economic impact of ADRs, and at the time of writing, none has focused on preventable ADRs. The reason why future research should focus on the costs of preventable ADRs is that both the costs and the negative clinical outcomes are preventable, and as such, are a key point of public health policy action. Nevertheless, the present review highlights an important and sobering limitation of published research on the cost of preventable ADRs, of which the major limitation is the heterogeneity in methods and in reporting which limit what can be known through the summarizing work of a systematic review.  相似文献   

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Aim.?To study psychological well-being (health-related quality of life) in a population of adults 20 years and over with hearing impairment (HI) and its relation to audiological factors, consequences of the HI, sense of humour, and use of communication strategies.

Subjects and methods.?Consecutive adults (n = 343) at the outpatient Unit of Audiology of a Norwegian university hospital answered the Psychological General Well-being inventory (PGWB), Hearing Disability and Handicap Scale (HDHS), Sense of Humour Questionnaire-6 (SHQ-6), and Communication Strategies Scale (CSS) in relation to an audiological examination and medical consultation.

Results.?Mean PGWB index for the whole sample was 81.4 (SD 14.3) and females reported a significantly lower psychological well-being. In multiple linear regression analyses well-being was negatively associated with high levels of activity limitation and participation restriction. PGWB index was positively associated with high sense of humour, but was neither explained by audiological factors nor use of communication strategies.

Conclusions.?Psychological well-being was associated with the outcome of a standard HI assessment of activity limitation and participation restriction, but not with degree of HI and use of communication strategies.  相似文献   
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  1. There is increasing evidence suggesting involvement of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in carbohydrate metabolism and its response to stress. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic inhibition of the RAS on glucose and insulin levels during acute restraint stress.
  2. Male Holtzman rats were treated with 10 mg/kg per day enalapril solution or vehicle for 14 days. After 14 days, rats were divided into three experimental groups: enalapril + restraint (ER), vehicle + restraint (VR) and enalapril + saline (ES). Rats in the restraint groups were subjected to 30 min restraint stress, whereas rats in the ES groups were given saline infusion instead. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 5, 10, 20 and 30 min restraint stress or saline infusion.
  3. After restraint, a hyperglycaemic response was observed in the ER and VR groups that peaked at 20 and 10 min, respectively (< 0.05 compared with baseline). The area under the glucose curve was markedly increased in the ER and VR groups compared with that in the ES group (< 0.05 for both). Importantly, restraint induced a marked increase in insulin secretion in the ER group compared with only a mild elevation in the VR group; insulin secretion in both groups peaked at 20 min (< 0.05 compared with baseline). Analysis of the area under the insulin curve confirmed an increase in insulin secretion in the ER compared with the VR and ES groups (< 0.05 for both).
  4. The results of the present study reinforce that the RAS is involved in modulating responses to stress and suggest that RAS inhibition with enalapril may increase glucose‐induced insulin secretion in response to acute restraint.
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