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Kristen Lee Heidi E. Hutton Catherine R. Lesko Anne K. Monroe Anika Alvanzo Mary E. McCaul Geetanjali Chander 《Women's health issues》2018,28(4):367-374
Background
Alcohol misuse is associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk behaviors by women. Drug use, intimate partner violence (IPV), and depressive symptoms frequently co-occur, are well-recognized alcohol misuse comorbidities, and may interact to increase risk behaviors. Using a syndemic framework we examined associations between drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms and sexual risk behaviors by 400 women with alcohol misuse attending an urban sexually transmitted infections clinic.Methods
Participants completed computer-assisted interviews querying drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms and sexual risk behavior outcomes—unprotected sex under the influence of alcohol, sex for drugs/money, and number of lifetime sexual partners. We used multivariable analysis to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for independent and joint associations between drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms and our outcomes. To investigate synergy between risk factors we calculated the relative excess prevalence owing to interaction for all variable combinations.Results
In multivariable analysis, drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms alone and in combination were associated with higher prevalence/count of risk behaviors compared with women with alcohol misuse alone. The greatest prevalence/count occurred when all three were present (unprotected sex under the influence of alcohol [PR, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–4.9]), sex for money or drugs [PR, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.7–4.2], and number of lifetime partners [PR, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–5.2]). Drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms did not interact synergistically to increase sexual risk behavior prevalence.Conclusions
A higher prevalence of sexual risk behaviors by women with alcohol misuse combined with drug use, IPV, and depressive symptoms supports the need for alcohol interventions addressing these additional comorbidities. 相似文献6.
Snuff use and smoking among senior high school students: effects of a snuff sales ban 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
OBJECTIVES: The popularity of snuff especially among adolescents is rising. The association between long-term snuff use and oral cancer discovered in epidemiological studies has prompted a variety of preventive measures to be taken to reduce snuff use and prevent adoption of the habit. In this study, the effect of a recent (I March, 1995) snuff sales ban introduced in Finland was investigated. Further, the rates of smoking, snuff use, alcohol use and drug experimenting were investigated before the introduction of the ban to characterize the study population.
DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Two questionnaire studies were carried out. The first was carried out 3 months prior to the ban in 1994 and the second 9 months after the ban in 1995 in a senior high school population in southwestern Finland. The participants were 793 students (aged 15–22 years) in the first survey and 545 students (aged 16–23) in the second. Associations between variables were analyzed using cross-tabulation and stepwise logistic regression. The effects of the ban were determined on the basis of direct questions in the second questionnaire relating to the snuff sales ban.
RESULTS: Snuff was used by 9% of the students participating in the first study. The results of the second questionnaire indicate that the implementation of the snuff sales ban reduced the rate of snuff use by 1% in the study population. The majority of the snuff users (76%) reported that they had maintained their snuff habit. Of those reporting that they were snuff users before implementation of the snuff sales ban, 12% had switched to smoking and 5% to drugs.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that the snuff sales ban in this population with a high rate of snuff use had little effect on snuff use rates and may have some short-term negative consequences as some snuff users switch to other substitutes, such as smoking, with known adverse health effects. 相似文献
DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Two questionnaire studies were carried out. The first was carried out 3 months prior to the ban in 1994 and the second 9 months after the ban in 1995 in a senior high school population in southwestern Finland. The participants were 793 students (aged 15–22 years) in the first survey and 545 students (aged 16–23) in the second. Associations between variables were analyzed using cross-tabulation and stepwise logistic regression. The effects of the ban were determined on the basis of direct questions in the second questionnaire relating to the snuff sales ban.
RESULTS: Snuff was used by 9% of the students participating in the first study. The results of the second questionnaire indicate that the implementation of the snuff sales ban reduced the rate of snuff use by 1% in the study population. The majority of the snuff users (76%) reported that they had maintained their snuff habit. Of those reporting that they were snuff users before implementation of the snuff sales ban, 12% had switched to smoking and 5% to drugs.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that the snuff sales ban in this population with a high rate of snuff use had little effect on snuff use rates and may have some short-term negative consequences as some snuff users switch to other substitutes, such as smoking, with known adverse health effects. 相似文献
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Marwan SM Al-Nimer 《World journal of diabetes》2022,13(5):417-419
Hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia have resulted from dysfunction of the theca cell of the ovary and adipose tissue and each one potentiates the other in patients with androgen excess disorders e.g., polycystic ovary disease and idiopathic hirsutism. Possible external and/or internal triggers can produce such cellular dysfunction. There is evidence that sodium valproate acts as a trigger of cellular dysfunction and produces both hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Therefore, the elimination of these triggers can help the patients to recover from hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. 相似文献