Correction to: Gene Editing Rescues in Vitro T Cell Development of RAG2-Deficient Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in an Artificial Thymic Organoid System

Journal of Clinical Immunology - A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01030-6     

【特刊综述】雄激素对骨骼肌的作用：对乏力的发展和治疗的意义

雄激素对骨骼肌合成有明显影响,随着年龄增大,雄激素的下降常伴随肌量和肌力的下降。这种肌量和肌功能的下降,被称为少肌症或肌体老化,是老年人体质弱化（男性化减退）进展的关键事项。也是导致快速机能衰退及其不良后果的关键。雄激素水平下降对老年男性体质弱化（男性化减退）的潜在影响和对躯体功能的促进治疗作用无疑已经引起了相当的关注。本综述概述了近期关于肌肉老化、少肌症、老年体质弱化的概念、定义,并评估了关于雄激素和老年体质弱化的研究进展。近期源于观测性和介入性研究的证据强烈支持雄激素对老年男性肌量的作用,但雄激素对肌力和特有的躯体功能的效用并不明确。研究显示,雄激素治疗在老年男性中通常有良好的耐受性,而近期的研究则关注于雄激素的高剂量治疗和对于心血管风险较高人群的治疗。雄激素受体调节剂（SARMs）的初期试验研究显示传统雄激素治疗对于老年患者在肌量和肌功能方面有相同的效用。将来的重要研究方向包括利用这类雄激素治疗并结合适用于不同老年患者群体促进躯体功能的运动训练,同时将更多地关注近期关于激素水平、身体成分及躯体功能间关系的观测性（回顾性）研究。     

Non‐invasive assessment of kidney allograft fibrosis with shear wave elastography: A radiological‐pathological correlation analysis

Objectives

To evaluate the use of shear wave elastography in assessment of kidney allograft tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

Methods

Shear wave elastography assessment was carried out by two independent operators in kidney transplant recipients who underwent allograft biopsy for clinical indications (i.e. rising creatinine >15% or proteinuria >1 g/day). Allograft biopsies were interpreted by the same pathologist according to the 2013 Banff Classification.

Results

A total of 40 elastography scans were carried out (median creatinine 172.5 μmol/L [interquartile range 133.8–281.8 μmol/L]). Median tissue stiffness at the cortex (22.6 kPa [interquartile range 18.8–25.7 kPa] vs 22.3 kPa [interquartile range 19.0–26.5 kPa], P = 0.70) and medulla (15.0 kPa [interquartile range 13.7–18.0 kPa] vs 15.6 kPa [interquartile range 14.4–18.2 kPa]) showed no significant differences between the two observers. Interobserver agreement was satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficient of the cortex 0.84, 95% CI 0.70–0.92 and intraclass correlation coefficient of the medulla 0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.94). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for detection of tubulointerstitial fibrosis were estimated to be 0.75 (95% CI 0.61–0.89), 0.85 (95% CI 0.75–0.95) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.53–0.78) for cortical, medullary tissue stiffness and serum creatinine, respectively.

Conclusions

Shear wave elastography can be used as a non‐invasive tool to evaluate kidney allograft fibrosis with reasonable interobserver agreement and superior test performance to serum creatinine in detecting early tubulointerstitial fibrosis.     

A pilot study of a novel smartphone application for the estimation of sleep onset

The aim of the study was to investigate the accuracy of Sleep On Cue: a novel iPhone application that uses behavioural responses to auditory stimuli to estimate sleep onset. Twelve young adults underwent polysomnography recording while simultaneously using Sleep On Cue. Participants completed as many sleep‐onset trials as possible within a 2‐h period following their normal bedtime. On each trial, participants were awoken by the app following behavioural sleep onset. Then, after a short break of wakefulness, commenced the next trial. There was a high degree of correspondence between polysomnography‐determined sleep onset and Sleep On Cue behavioural sleep onset, r = 0.79, P < 0.001. On average, Sleep On Cue overestimated sleep‐onset latency by 3.17 min (SD = 3.04). When polysomnography sleep onset was defined as the beginning of N2 sleep, the discrepancy was reduced considerably (M = 0.81, SD = 1.96). The discrepancy between polysomnography and Sleep On Cue varied between individuals, which was potentially due to variations in auditory stimulus intensity. Further research is required to determine whether modifications to the stimulus intensity and behavioural response could improve the accuracy of the app. Nonetheless, Sleep On Cue is a viable option for estimating sleep onset and may be used to administer Intensive Sleep Retraining or facilitate power naps in the home environment.     

Characterization of lymphocyte responses to peanuts in normal children,peanut-allergic children,and allergic children who acquired tolerance to peanuts

Comparing lymphocyte responses to allergenic and nonallergenic foods could reveal the differences between pathogenic and normal immune responses to foods. Defining the cytokine-producing phenotypes of peanut-specific lymphocytes from peanut-allergic children, children who outgrew peanut allergy, and children who have always tolerated peanuts may be useful for understanding the mechanisms of food tolerance. Investigating immune responses against foods is hindered, however, by the fact that circulating food antigen-specific lymphocytes are very rare. In a novel approach we used carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester to detect peanut-specific lymphocytes by flow cytometry. We confirmed that these cells are indeed peanut specific by cloning. Peanut-allergic donors show Th2 polarization of cytokine production by peanut-specific cells (IFN-gamma (low), TNF-alpha (low), IL-4 (high), IL-5 (high), IL-13 (high)). Conversely, nonallergic children and children who have outgrown their allergy show Th1 skewing to peanut antigens (IFN-gamma(high), TNF-alpha (high), IL-4 (low), IL-5 (low), IL-13(low)), similarly to nonallergenic food antigens (beta-lactoglobulin, OVA). This finding suggests that peanut antigens do not intrinsically induce Th2 skewing, but that the type of response depends upon the donor's allergic status. In conclusion, food allergic status is characterized by a Th2 response whereas Th1-skewed responses underlie oral tolerance.