Oral health status of adults in Southern Vietnam - a cross-sectional epidemiological study

Background

Dental caries is one of the primary causes of tooth loss among adults. It is estimated to affect a majority of Americans aged 55 and older, with a disproportionately higher burden in disadvantaged populations. Although a number of treatments are currently in use for caries prevention in adults, evidence for their efficacy and effectiveness is limited.

Methods/Design

The Prevention of Adult Caries Study (PACS) is a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of a chlorhexidine (10% w/v) dental coating in preventing adult caries. Participants (n = 983) were recruited from four different dental delivery systems serving four diverse communities, including one American Indian population, and were randomized to receive either chlorhexidine or a placebo treatment. The primary outcome is the net caries increment (including non-cavitated lesions) from baseline to 13 months of follow-up. A cost-effectiveness analysis also will be considered.

Discussion

This new dental treatment, if efficacious and approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), would become a new in-office, anti-microbial agent for the prevention of adult caries in the United States.

Trial Registration Number

NCT00357877     

Enhanced Dopamine-Dependent Hippocampal Plasticity after Single MK-801 Application

Dopaminergic hyperfunction and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction have both been implicated in psychosis. Dopamine-releasing drugs and NMDAR antagonists replicate symptoms associated with psychosis in healthy humans and exacerbate symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Though hippocampal dysfunction contributes to psychosis, the impact of NMDAR hypofunction on hippocampal plasticity remains poorly understood. Here, we used an NMDAR antagonist rodent model of psychosis to investigate hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). We found that single systemic NMDAR antagonism results in a region-specific, presynaptic LTP at hippocampal CA1-subiculum synapses that is induced by activation of D1/D5 dopamine receptors and modulated by L-type voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels. Thereby, our findings may provide a cellular mechanism how NMDAR antagonism can lead to an enhanced hippocampal output causing activation of the hippocampus-ventral tegmental area-loop and overdrive of the dopamine system.     

构建以少突胶质细胞前体为主与人类早产儿脑室周围白质软化病理相似的动物模型

目的:建立以晚期少突胶质细胞前体为主、与人类早产儿脑室周围白质软化病理相似的可靠动物模型。方法:实验于2005-10/2006-06在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院科研中心完成。2d龄和7d龄SD同窝清洁级新生大鼠各43只,雌雄不拘,以随机数字表法分为4组,即2d龄模型组(n=25)、2d龄假手术组(n=18)、7d龄模型组(n=25)和7d龄假手术组(n=18),脑室周围白质软化动物模型建立:结扎双侧颈总动脉,手术时间短于10～15min,术后将新生大鼠送入缺氧箱缺氧30min,混合气体为体积分数0.08的O2和0.92的N2,输入流量为1～2.5mL/min。假手术组游离双侧颈总动脉,但不予结扎和缺氧。将各组大鼠分别于术后1d测定脑梗死体积,术后2d进行少突胶质细胞系列免疫组织化学染色分析、脑片TTC染色观察脑梗死情况以及光镜下脑病理研究,术后21d进行电镜下病理研究。结果:实验86只新生大鼠,14只制作脑室周围白质软化模型死亡,余72只计入统计。①术后1d各组脑片大体观察:模型组脑内呈现大面积白色梗死区,多为大脑前、中动脉供血区域,2,7d龄模型组梗死体积分别为(53.45±33.90),(68.78±20.22)mm3,梗死百分比分别为(24.98±15.44)%,(11.84±4.14)%;假手术组脑片颜色鲜红,未见白色梗死区。②新生大鼠少突胶质细胞系列标志物免疫组织化学结果:2d龄新生大鼠脑白质内以少突胶质细胞前体为主,7d龄新生大鼠则以成熟少突胶质细胞为主。模型大鼠的相应少突胶质细胞系列阳性标记物的积分吸光度值均显著低于同日龄对照新生大鼠(P<0.05～0.01)。③各组大鼠术后2d光镜下脑病理检查结果:2d龄模型组新生大鼠的脑室周围以及皮层下白质呈现囊性坏死和细胞凋亡,而皮质神经元损伤轻微;而7d龄模型组在白质和皮质部位均呈明显损伤。④术后21d电镜下各组幼鼠脑病理检查结果:2d龄模型组幼鼠的脑白质内未见髓鞘形成,7d龄模型组幼鼠中见少量髓鞘形成,而同日龄假手术对照幼鼠的脑白质内则髓鞘形成正常。结论:通过对2d龄新生大鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎伴缺氧30min缺氧缺血法创建的脑室周围白质软化新生大鼠模型中存在少突胶质细胞前体和少突胶质细胞的明显受损和丢失,成功建立了2d龄新生大鼠以少突胶质细胞前体为主、与人类早产儿脑室周围白质软化病理相似的脑室周围白质软化动物模型。     

应用质谱、红外光谱及核磁共振解析验证合成物9,10-二羟基硬脂酸的纯化性

目的：为获得大量的9,10-二羟基硬脂酸（Dihydroxy Stearic Acid,DHSA）,应用质谱、红外光谱及核磁共振解析验证合成物为DHSA。 方法：实验于2007-01/05在解放军总医院营养科实验室完成。在烧瓶中加入油酸后,再加入甲酸、过氧化氢,并不断搅拌。在整个反应过程中维持反应温度在40℃,反应四五小时后,反复水洗油层并收集。在油层中加入3mol/L NaOH溶液25mL,于100℃水浴加热1h,趁热加入3mol/L HCl50mL,剧烈搅拌,析出白色沉淀。用水反复清洗使清洗液pH值为中性,收集沉淀物。在沉淀物中加入体积分数为0.95的乙醇10mL,加热溶解,抽滤,将滤液于0℃析出结晶,抽滤,将抽滤物用体积分数为0.95的乙醇10mL加热溶解,于0℃结晶,抽滤。同样方法再结晶2次,最后得到白色结晶物,晾干,收率68.8%。将结晶物分别上FTS-65A红外光谱仪、ISONS EA1108型元素分析仪,Varian INOVA 600型核磁共振仪,安捷伦XCR-trap液相质谱（LC-MS）联用仪进行分析和结构鉴定。 结果：①LC-MS分析提示合成的DHSA经过多次重结晶后,纯度较高,可达95%。MS分析提示DHSA相对分子质量为315.1,与理论值316.48相近。②DHSA元素分析实验值C68.78%,H11.53%,与理论值C68.77%,H11.58%接近。③红外光谱分析提示DHSA为含有两个羟基的十八碳长链脂肪酸。④核磁共振的氢谱和碳谱均证实合成的化合物为9,10-二羟基十八碳脂肪酸。 结论：合成的DHSA经过3次重结晶后,纯度可95%以上,质谱、红外光谱及核磁共振解析结果证实合成的化合物是9,10-二羟基硬脂酸。