Hassles with medication management perceived by caregivers of adults who have intellectual or developmental disabilities

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy - Background Medication management is undertaken by caregivers of people who have intellectual or developmental disabilities. Objective The objectives...     

New and emerging treatments for inflammatory itch

ObjectiveTo summarize recent therapeutic developments for chronic pruritus with a focus on allergic and type 2 inflammatory pathways.Data SourcesLiterature search of PubMed, industry websites, and review of the ClinicalTrials.gov database.Study SelectionsPeer-reviewed publications and public disclosures by industry relating to chronic pruritus pathophysiology and therapeutics.ResultsHistamine and immunoglobulin E remain primary targets for the treatment of itch in the setting of chronic urticaria. More recently, blockade of type 2 immune cell–associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL) 4, IL-13, and IL-31, and the epithelial cell–derived cytokines, specifically IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, has and is revolutionizing the treatment of chronic pruritic dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis. Other novel targets include histamine receptor 4, Janus kinases, κ-opioid receptor, neurokinin 1 receptor, and phosphodiesterase 4.ConclusionAdvances in our understanding of the neuroimmunology of chronic pruritus have led to the identification of new therapeutic targets and the rapid development of cutting-edge clinical trials. Although incredible advances have already been made, chronic itch continues to be an area of great unmet need.     

Provider Visits and Early Vascular Access Placement in Maintenance Hemodialysis

Medicare reimbursement policy encourages frequent provider visits for patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. We hypothesize that patients seen more frequently by their nephrologist or advanced practitioner within the first 90 days of hemodialysis are more likely to undergo surgery to create an arteriovenous (AV) fistula or place an AV graft. We selected 35,959 patients aged ≥67 years starting hemodialysis in the United States from a national registry. We used multivariable regression to evaluate the associations between mean visit frequency and AV fistula creation or graft placement in the first 90 days of hemodialysis. We conducted an instrumental variable analysis to test the sensitivity of our findings to potential bias from unobserved characteristics. One additional visit per month in the first 90 days of hemodialysis was associated with a 21% increase in the odds of AV fistula creation or graft placement during that period (95% confidence interval, 19% to 24%), corresponding to an average 4.5% increase in absolute probability. An instrumental variable analysis demonstrated similar findings. Excluding visits in months when patients were hospitalized, one additional visit per month was associated with a 10% increase in odds of vascular access surgery (95% confidence interval, 8% to 13%). In conclusion, patients seen more frequently by care providers in the first 90 days of hemodialysis undergo earlier AV fistula creation or graft placement. Payment policies that encourage more frequent visits to patients at key clinical time points may yield more favorable health outcomes than policies that operate irrespective of patients’ health status.