Mailed fecal immunochemical test outreach for colorectal cancer screening: Summary of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–sponsored Summit

Uptake of colorectal cancer screening remains suboptimal. Mailed fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) offers promise for increasing screening rates, but optimal strategies for implementation have not been well synthesized. In June 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a meeting of subject matter experts and stakeholders to answer key questions regarding mailed FIT implementation in the United States. Points of agreement included: 1) primers, such as texts, telephone calls, and printed mailings before mailed FIT, appear to contribute to effectiveness; 2) invitation letters should be brief and easy to read, and the signatory should be tailored based on setting; 3) instructions for FIT completion should be simple and address challenges that may lead to failed laboratory processing, such as notation of collection date; 4) reminders delivered to initial noncompleters should be used to increase the FIT return rate; 5) data infrastructure should identify eligible patients and track each step in the outreach process, from primer delivery through abnormal FIT follow-up; 6) protocols and procedures such as navigation should be in place to promote colonoscopy after abnormal FIT; 7) a high-quality, 1-sample FIT should be used; 8) sustainability requires a program champion and organizational support for the work, including sufficient funding and external policies (such as quality reporting requirements) to drive commitment to program investment; and 9) the cost effectiveness of mailed FIT has been established. Participants concluded that mailed FIT is an effective and efficient strategy with great potential for increasing colorectal cancer screening in diverse health care settings if more widely implemented.     

Utility of QT interval corrected by Rautaharju method to predict drug-induced torsade de pointes

Introduction: New QT correction formulae derived from large populations are available such as Rautaharju’s [QTcRTH?=?QT * (120?+?HR)/180] and Dmitrienko’s [QTcDMT?=?QT/RR^0.413]. These formulae were derived from 57,595 and 13,039 cases, respectively. Recently, a study has shown that they did not experience errors across a wide range of heart rates compared to others.

Objectives: (1) To determine the best cut-off value of QTcRTH and QTcDMT as a predictor of torsade de pointes (TdP) and (2) to compare the sensitivity and specificity using the cut-off value of QTcRTH with those of the QTcBazett (QTcBZT), QTcFridericia (QTcFRD), and QT nomogram.

Methods: Data were derived from two data sets. All cases aged over 18 years with an exposure to QT-prolonging drugs. Group-1, all cases developed TdP. Data in Group-1 were obtained from systematic review of reported cases from Medline since its establishment until 10 December 2015. Group-2 is composed of those who overdosed on QT prolonging drugs but did not develop TdP. This data set was previously extracted from a chart review of three medical centers from January 2008 to December 2010. Data from both groups were used to calculate QTcRTH and QTcDMT. The cut-off values from QTcRTH and QTcDMT that provided the best sensitivity and specificity to predict TdP were then selected. The same method was applied to find those values from QTcBZT, QTcFRD, and QT nomogram. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was applied where appropriate.

Results: Group-1, 230 cases of drug-induced TdP were included from the systematic review of Medline. Group-2 (control group), which did not develop TdP, consisted of 292 cases. After applying all of the correction methods to the two datasets, the best cut-off values that provided the best accuracy (Ac) with the best sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) for each formula were as follows: QTcRTH at 477 milliseconds (ms), Ac?=?89.08%, Sn?=?91.30% (95%CI?=?86.89–94.61), Sp?=?87.33%(95%CI?=?82.96–90.92); QTcDMT at 475?ms, Ac?=?88.31%, Sn?=91.30% (95%CI?=?86.89–94.61), Sp?=?85.96%(95%CI?=?81.44–89.73); QTcBZT at 490?ms, Ac?=?86.97%, Sn?=?88.26% (95%CI?=?83.38–92.12), Sp?=?85.96% (95%CI?=?81.44–89.73); QTcFRD at 473?ms, Ac?=?88.89%, Sn?=?89.13% (95%CI?=?84.37–92.84), Sp =88.70% (95%CI?=?84.50–92.09). We found a significant difference (p-value?=?0.0020) between area under the ROC of the QTcRTH (0.9433) and QTcBZT (0.9225) but not QTcFRD (0.9338). The Ac, Sn, and Sp of the QT nomogram were 89.08%, 91.30% (95%CI?=?86.89–94.61), and 87.33% (95%CI?=?82.96–90.92), respectively, and they were all equal to those of QTcRTH.

Conclusion: Rautaharju method not only produced minimal errors for QT interval correction but also at QTcRTH 477?ms, it could predict TdP as accurately as QT nomogram and was better than the QTcBZT.     

Repeat capsule endoscopy in suspected gastrointestinal bleeding

Objectives: This study aims to review the utility of repeat capsule endoscopy (CE) with on-going concern of small bowel (SB) bleeding following initial SB investigation with CE.

Materials and methods: A specifically designed database of CE examinations performed over 13 years, with hospital records, was retrospectively interrogated for patients undergoing multiple CEs to investigate iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) or suspected SB bleeding.

Results: 1335/2276 (58.7%) of CEs were performed to investigate IDA or SB bleeding; 92 were repeat CEs carried out for ongoing clinical concern. The median time interval between initial and repeat CE procedures was 466.5 (range 1–3066) days. Twenty-four patients had initially normal CE; on repeat examination, abnormalities were detected in 11/24 (45.8%). 3/21 (14.2%) of patients with angioectasia on first CE had alternative causes for IDA or GI bleeding detected on repeat CE. Six patients with active bleeding, without an identifiable source on initial CE, undergoing repeat CE had a cause isolated in 5/6 (83.3%). Changing CE device did not affect diagnostic yield (DY) compared to repeat CE using the same device (27.5% to 26.8%).

Conclusions: It is known that CE can miss clinically relevant and serious lesions. Our results suggest that patients with an initially negative or inconclusive CE frequently have a cause of SB bleeding detected on repeat CE. The DY of repeat CE is highest in those with bleeding on their initial CE (83.3%) and lower in those with initially normal examinations (45.8%) or when an alternative cause, such as angioectasia is seen (14.2%).     

Tanzania IR Initiative: Training the First Generation of Interventional Radiologists

Despite a population of nearly 60 million, there is currently not a single interventional radiologist in Tanzania. Based on an Interventional Radiology (IR) Readiness Assessment, the key obstacles to establishing IR in Tanzania are the lack of training opportunities and limited availability of disposable equipment. An IR training program was designed and initiated, which relies on US-based volunteer teams of IR physicians, nurses, and technologists to locally train radiology residents, nurses, and technologists. Preliminary results support this strategy for addressing the lack of training opportunities and provide a model for introducing IR to other resource-limited settings.