针对COPD呼气流速受限的康复训练的效果研究

目的：观察针对COPD呼气流速受限的呼吸康复训练在改善重度至极重度COPD患者呼吸困难、日常生活活动能力、运动耐力、呼吸肌功能及肺功能等方面的效果。方法：按2006年GOLD标准来选择稳定期重度至极重度COPD患者为研究对象，分为A、B、C组，每组20例。在常规治疗的基础上，A组患者接受针对COPD呼气流速受限的呼吸康复训练8周；B组患者接受缩唇呼吸康复训练8周；C组患者无呼吸康复训练。A、B组患者在呼吸康复训练前后和C组患者在8周前后分别测定6MWD、 MRC评分、 ADL评分、 MEP、 MIP及肺功能。结果：①A、B组呼吸康复训练后的呼吸困难MRC评分均比其呼吸康复训练前的有非常显著性下降，但两者之间差异无显著性。②A、B组呼吸康复训练后的ADL评分均比其呼吸康复训练前的有显著增加且两者之差异也有显著性。③A、B组呼吸康复训练后的6MWD、MEP、MIP与MVV均比其呼吸康复训练前有非常显著性增加。④A、B两组训练前后的FEV1、FEV1（pred%）、FVC、FVC（pred%）、PEF的差异均无显著性。结论：①针对COPD呼气流速受限的呼吸康复训练能明显改善重度至极重度COPD患者的呼吸困难，提高ADL能力，增加运动耐力和呼吸肌功能。②缩唇呼吸训练是重度至极重度COPD患者进行呼吸康复训练的有效方法之一。③针对COPD呼气流速受限的呼吸康复训练在改善重度至极重度COPD患者的ADL能力、运动耐力、呼吸肌功能等方面不同程度地比缩唇呼吸康复训练更为显著，可认为是重度至极重度COPD患者更为有效的呼吸康复训练的方法。④针对COPD呼气流速受限的呼吸康复训练和缩唇呼吸康复训练除能提高每分钟最大通气量之外，不能明显改善重度至极重度COPD患者的肺功能。     

广州市97 823例院前急救患者流行病学分析

目的 调查广州市院前急救患者流行病学情况,探讨院前急救病例特点.方法 从广州市急救医疗指挥中心系统数据库中导出2008年度全部数据进行统计分析.结果 ①在969 410次呼叫量中,日时间分布以16:00-18:00为最高(114 224次、占11.78%),以04:00-06:00为最低(23 237次、占2.40%).②在109 682次出车中,白云区出车量最多(29 364次、占26.77%),其次是海珠区(20 069次、占18.30%)、天河区(19 962次、占18.20%).③在97 823例院前急救患者中,男性的比例与死亡率均明显高于女性[比例:57.65%(56 394)比38.48%(37 641),死亡率:59.17%(3 269)比33.95%(1 876)].④在97 823例院前急救患者中,创伤类是院前急救中最多的,占34.57%(33 820),尤其是交通意外,占11.56%(11 307);且以21～50岁青壮年者最多;其次分别是神经系统、循环系统、呼吸系统、消化系统急症,且均以51岁(尤其是70岁)以上的中老年者最多.⑤在97 823例院前急救患者中,共死亡5 525例,占5.65%.循环系统急症死亡(尤其是猝死)居首位(1 827例、占33.07%),其次分别为其他系统急症死亡(1 646例、占29.79%)、创伤类死亡(866例、占15.67%)、呼吸系统急症死亡(413例、占7.48%)、神经系统急症死亡(329例、占5.95%);其中循环系统、呼吸系统、神经系统急症死亡均以51岁(尤其是70岁)以上的中老年者最多,其他系统急症死亡以61岁以上的老年者最多,创伤类死亡以21～40岁中青年者最多.结论 ①加强心脑血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病防治,提高中老年患者的常见急危重症早期识别与院前急救水平对降低死亡有重要意义.②加强安全生产、遵守交通法规、强化法制意识是降低创伤,尤其是交通意外发生及其死亡的有力手段.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the epidemiological information of patients in pre-hospital medical care in Guangzhou city, and to explore the characteristics of the patients. Methods The data in the year of 2008 were retrieved from the computer database of Guangzhou Emergency Medical Rescue Command Center. Results ①In a total of 969 410 calls received, the time of distribution was found to be mainly between 16:00 and 18:00 [11.78% (114 224)], and least frequently between 04:00 and 06:00 [2.40% (23 237)]. ②Among 109 682 dispatches of ambulances, Baiyun district received the most [26.77% (29 364)], and followed by Haizhu district [18.30% (20 069)], Tianhe district [18.20% (19 962)], respectively. ③Among 97 823 cases of pre-hospital medical care, death rate of the male patients was higher than the female [amount: 57.65% (56 394) vs. 38.48% (37 641), mortality: 59.17% (3 269) vs. 33.95% (1 876)]. ④In 9 7823 cases of pre-hospital medical care, trauma constituted the highest rate [34.57% (33 820)], especially traffic accidents [11.56% (11 307)], and the age of most of the patients ranged between 21 and 50. Disease of the nervous system ranged the second, followed by diseases of circulatory system, respiratory system and digestive system, and most of them were over 51 years old, and most frequently above 70. ⑤In 97 823 cases of pre-hospital medical care, there were 5 525 deaths (5.65%), in whom the circulatory system diseases ranged first (especially sudden death) [33.07% (1 827)], followed by unclassified diseases [29.79% (1 646)], trauma [15.67% (866)], respiratory diseases [7.48% (413)], and neurological emergency illnesses [5.95% (329)]. The age of deceased was far older than 51, particularly 70. The age of most of the deceased was above 61, and age of traumatic death was 2140. Conclusion ①It is very important to reduce the death rate of the middle-old aged patients by strengthening prevention and timely treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and improve the medical strategies in emergency care, in order to lower the death rate during emergency. ②It is very important to emphasize safely in production lines and to strengthen traffic regulations in order to reduce the incidence of trauma, thus it is especially traffic accident, expect that the death rate of trauma could be lowered.     

血液灌流联合二巯基丙醇救治急性毒鼠强中毒的临床研究

目的研究血液灌流（HP）联合二巯基丙醇救治急性毒鼠强中毒的临床疗效及患者血清β-内非肽（β-EP），内皮素（ET），一氧化氮（NO），肿瘤坏死因了（TNF）在病程中的变化。方法将湖南省怀化市第二人民医院急诊科1996年6月-2004年12月收治的56例患者分为A、B、C三组。①C组（常规＋药物＋HP）（n=20）与B组（常规＋药物）（n=19）急性毒鼠强中毒39例患者，分别在入院后即刻、HP或入院后1、3、5、7、9、11d从外周静脉抽血2ml，测定β-EP、ET、NO与TNF。②A组（常规组）（n=17）为既往采用安定、苯巴比妥抗惊厥等一般救治措施；B组采用在A组治疗基础上加用二巯基丙醇治疗：C组在B组治疗基础上采用HP联合治疗。结果①C组和B组35例治愈者中，β-EP、ET、NO与TNF在C组均于入院后即刻达高峰，在B组均于入院后1d达高峰，随后均缓慢下降。C组和B组35例治愈者治疗后B—EP、ET、NO与TNF对应指标比较，C组较B组均有显著性降低。②C组和B组患者治愈率比A组均有显著性提高。C组中的安定和苯巴比妥用龟、止惊时间比B组、A组均有显著性减少；B组中的安定和苯巴比妥用量、止惊时间比A组均有显著性减少。结论HP联合二巯基丙醇救治急性毒鼠强中毒临床疗效优于单纯二巯基丙醇和常规救治措施，可以明显降低患者B—EP、ET、NO与TNF水平，可作为治疗急性鼠毒强中毒的一种较为理想方案。     

急性毒鼠强中毒血清炎性细胞因子动态变化及改良方案治疗的临床研究

目的 评价“改良方案”治疗急性毒鼠强中毒的临床疗效。方法 ①对48例确诊的急性毒鼠强中毒患者，分别在入院后即刻及中毒后1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15、17和19d抽取静脉血2ml，测定β-内啡肽（β-EP）、内皮素（ET）、一氧化氮（NO）与肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）；以30名健康献血者（乙对照组）为对照。②观察组采用“改良方案”治疗，并与36例既往采用“传统方案”治疗者（甲对照组）进行比较。结果 ①48例“改良方案”治疗者中45例治愈，3例死亡。②45例治愈者中，轻、中、重3组患者的β-EP、ET、NO和TNF均于入院后即刻显著升高，于中毒后1d达高峰，随后缓慢下降。轻、中、重3组β-EP恢复正常时间分别为中毒后9、13和17d；ET恢复正常时间分别为中毒后7、13和15d；NO恢复正常时间分别为中毒后7、11和11d；TNF恢复正常时间分别为中毒后9、11和17d。③3例死亡者β-EP、ET、NO和TNF在入院后即刻均显著升高，在治疗过程中继续升高。④观察组重度中毒者治愈率（84．2％）比甲对照组（41．7％）有显著提高（P〈0．01），观察组中轻、中、重各组的安定和苯巴比妥用量、止惊时间均比甲对照组中各对应组显著减少（P均〈0．01）。结论 ①血清β-EP、ET、NO和TNF水平与急性毒鼠强中毒程度及病情转归相关。②血清β-EP、ET、NO和TNF水平在治疗过程中稳定下降提示预后良好，持续升高提示预后不良。③采取相应措施降低β-EP、ET、NO和TNF水平可改善毒鼠强的预后。④“改良方案”可作为急性毒鼠强中毒治疗的一种较为理想方案。     

急性有机磷农药中毒血管活性物质及炎性介质的动态变化及其临床意义

急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)是临床常见的危急重症。为了解血浆β-内啡肽(β-EP)、内皮素(ET)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)与一氧化氮(NO)在其病程中的变化情况，我们进行了系统性研究，报告如下。     

院前急救1432例流行病学分析

目的:分析佛山市狮山镇院前急救的流行病学特点以提高本区域院前急救水平.方法:回顾性分析华立医院急诊科2009年度院前急救1432例的临床资料.结果:患者以男性和21~60岁为主,创伤占55%,其中车祸占59%.非创伤急救以心脑血管疾病为主.院前急救后64%患者急诊入院治疗,其中39%紧急入院手术治疗,7%)转入危重症监护室治疗.院前死亡67例,其中创伤导致死亡18例,非创伤49例,院前CPR成功11例.结论:以院前急救患者的流行病学为依据,院前急救的医护人员应持续进行院前急救的技能培训,尤其是创伤及心脑血管等疾病的培训,以提高院前急救水平.     

高职高专医学院校科研平台建设探析

近年来,高职高专医学院校加大人才引进力度,教师队伍学历结构发生显著变化,具备硕士研究生以上学历的青年教师正在逐渐成为本类院校的中坚力量.为此,高职高专医学院校应当因地制宜建设一定的科学研究平台,以实现培养教师、发挥高学历人才优势并服务地方社会经济.本文对高职高专医学院校科研平台建设的必要性、原则、方法与途径,科研平台的管理机制等进行了初步探讨.     

动态监测急性有机磷中毒患者血浆β-内啡肽、内皮素、一氧化氮与肿瘤坏死因子变化及其临床意义

目的：研究血浆β－内啡肽（β－EP）、内皮素（ET）、一氧化氮（NO）与肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）在急性有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）病程中动态变化及其临床意义。方法：72例AOPP患者分别在入院后即刻、中毒后6、12、24、48、72、96、120、144、168、192h抽静脉血2mL，测定β-EP、ET、NO与TNF，以30名健康者为对照。结果：①在68例治愈患者中，β－EP、ET、NO与TNF在轻、中、重三组均于入院后即刻非常显著性升高，于中毒后12h达高峰，随后缓慢下降。β－EP恢复正常时间在轻、中、重三组分别为中毒后144h、168h、192h。ET恢复正常时间在轻、中、重三组分别为中毒后144h、144h、168h。NO恢复正常时间在轻、中、重三组均为中毒后168h。TNF恢复正常时间在轻、中、重三组均为中毒后192h。②4例死亡者β－EP、ET、NO与TNF在入院后即刻均已非常显著性升高，在治疗过程中继续升高。结论：①血浆β－EP、ET、NO与TNF水平与AOPP中毒程度及病情转归相关。②血浆β－EP、ET、NO与TNF水平在治疗过程中稳定下降提示预后良好，而其持续升高提示预后不良。③采取相应措施降低β－EP、ET、NO与TNP水平可改变AOPP的预后。     

我国八个大中城市院前急救流行病学调查分析

Objective To investigate the epidemiological information of patients in pre-hospital medical care for our large and medium-sized cities and probe the patients' characteristic. Method The data in 2008 were exported from the computer databases of 8 large and medium-sized cities' emergency medical centers in our country.The thorough records of data were conducted to statistical analysis. Results ( 1 ) The scheduling time, running time, rescue time, returning time, total time and service radius in the pre-hospital medical care group were 2.16± 1.10(min), 14.01 ±6.82(min), 12.12±5.96(min), 14.08± 6.85(min), 42.34± 20.21(min)and 8.50±4.18(km), and the above parameter in the non-death group were 2.19 ± 1.13(min), 14.15 ± 7.14(min),11.60±6.72(min), 14.92 ±6.89(min), 41.86± 19.53(minutes) and 8.63±4.31(Km), and the above parameter in the death group were 2.10± 1.08(min), 13.68 ± 7.14(min), 25.25 ± 12.34(min), 13.75±6.48(min), 54.74 ± 25.47(min) and 7.86± 3.91(Km), and the above parameter in the non-sudden cardiac death group were2.09± 1.03(min), 13.58±6.78(min), 25.53± 12.34(min), 13.60± 6.54(min), 53.79±23.77(min) and 7.67 ± 3.86(Km), and the above parameter in the sudden cardiac death group were 2.12 ±1.02(min), 14.10±7.05(min), 24.79± 12.08(min), 13.79±6.61(min), 54. 80 ± 25. 36( min) and 7.90±3.92(Km) respectively. The scheduling time, running time, returning time and service radius in the death group were less than those of the non-death group, but the rescue time and total time of the former were more than those of the latter respectively ( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0. 001 ). The scheduling time and returning time didn' t have significant difference between the sudden cardiac death group and the non-sudden cardiac death group respectively ( P ＞ 0.05), but the running time, total time and service radius of the sudden cardiac death group were more than those of the non-sudden cardiac death group, and the rescue time of the former was less than that of the latter respectively ( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.001 ). (2)The patients' amount in pre-hospital medical care group, the non-death group, the death group, the non-sudden cardiac death group and the sudden cardiac death group were at most in first quarter, and the least time slice of patients' amount were 4:00～ 6:00, 4:00～6:00, 4:00～ 6:00, 22:00～ 24:00, 2:00～4:00 respectively, and the most time slice of patients' amount were 20:00～ 22:00, 20:00～22:00, 8:00～ 10:00, 2:00 ～ 4:00, 8:00 ～ 10:00 respectively. (3)In 241 876 cases of pre-hospital medical care group, the patients' amount of trauma was at most, whose age grades was by far among21 ～50, and the others in sequence were nervous system, circulatory system, other group, digestive system, respiratory system and poisoning group respectively, whose age grades in nervous system, circulatory system and respiratory system was by far above 51, especially above 70. The patients' age grades in other group and digestive system had two climax age groups, which the one was 21 ～ 30, and the other was above 70. The patients' age grades in poisoning group was by far among 21 ～ 50, which the patients' amount of acute alcoholism was at the most. (4) In 12 568 cases of death group, the death amount of circulatory system, other group, respiratory system, nervous system and digestive system ranked at the lst,2nd,4th,5th 8th respectively, whose age grades was by far above 51, especially above 70,and the patients' amount of sudden cardiac death was at the most in the death amount of circulatory system. The death amount of trauma and poisoning group ranked at the 3rd, 6th respectively, whose age grades was by far among 21 ～ 50. (5)The total amount, the death amount and the sudden cardiac death amount of male patients were more than those of female patients. (6)The percentage of the death group to the pre-hospital medical care group was 5.20%, and the percentage of the sudden cardiac death group to the pre-hospital medical care group was 1.29%,and the percentage of the sudden cardiac death group to the death group was 24.87 %, and the percentage of the sudden cardiac death group to the circulatory system group was 67.33 %. Conclusions ( 1 )The trauma and the sudden cardiac death are the overriding reason of disease and the overriding reason of death in our large and medium-sized cities respectively. (2) It is very important to cut the death rate of the middle-old age patients by strengthening prevention and cure of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, discerning the critical illness early and improving the level of pre-hospital medical care. (3)It is a strong method to decrease the total amount and the death amount of the trauma, especially in traffic accident, by strengthening safety in production, observing traffic regulation and enhancing the legal awareness.