Correction to: Dexamethasone Treatment for COVID-19-Related Lung Injury in an Adult with WHIM Syndrome

Journal of Clinical Immunology -     

Cutaneous adult xanthogranuloma with a small portion of BRAFV600E mutated Langerhans cell histiocytosis populations: A case report and the review of published work

Histiocytoses, including Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), juvenile or adult xanthogranuloma (AXG) and Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD), are rare disorders characterized by the proliferation of cells derived from monocyte/macrophage lineages. A few cases of LCH coexisting with xanthogranuloma or RDD have been reported. The etiology of these diseases remains unclear. However, oncogenic BRAF^V600E mutations have been identified in LCH. Here, we report the case of a 26‐year‐old Japanese man with a 3‐month history of a solitary occipital nodule. No abnormality was detected in his other organs, and a total resection of the nodule was performed. Histopathological examination revealed the coexistence of LCH and AXG with prominent emperipolesis characteristic of RDD. Immunohistochemistry showed that most of the large histiocytes were positive for CD68, weakly positive or negative for S100, and negative for CD207 and CD1a, supporting the diagnosis of AXG. The tumor cells with emperipolesis did not show S100‐positive findings characteristic of RDD. The focally aggregated oval histiocytic cells were positive for CD1a, CD207, CD68 and S100, and were compatible with the immunophenotype of LCH cells. In addition, these cells were positive for BRAF^V600E mutation. The tumor cells in our patient exhibited a cellular morphology characteristic of multiple histiocytoses in a solitary cutaneous nodule, which may imply an etiological association among LCH, AXG and RDD. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a BRAF^V600E mutation‐positive case of LCH coexisting with AXG. Because patients with BRAF^V600E mutation have higher risks of multisystemic LCH and recurrence, we should carefully follow up the patient.     

Dental floss use among elementary school children and environmental factors; a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe onset of carious lesions and periodontal disease originates in plaque formed from dental bacteria. Appropriate plaque control is therefore important. Dental floss is one instrument used to control plaque. The influence of guardians is an important factor in whether children use dental floss regularly. However, the use of dental floss among school-age children and the relationship between use and family background has yet to be examined.AimIn this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey to examine rates of dental floss use and other related factors among elementary school children and their guardians.MethodsSurveys were sent to 298 guardians of children in grades 1–6 at an elementary school in Japan and 283 valid responses were received. Statistical analyses were carried out, with child’s use of dental floss as a dependent variable and grade, sex, guardian assistance with child's tooth brushing, frequency of child’s dental check-ups, and guardian's use of dental floss as independent variables.ResultsThe results revealed that 18.4% of children used dental floss compared with 52.7% of guardians, suggesting that the rate of usage among children is much lower than that among guardians. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that guardian's use of dental floss was significantly related to dental floss use among children.ConclusionThe guardian's use of dental floss was associated with dental floss use among their children in this group of Japanese elementary school.     

Comprehensive analysis of gene expression of isolated pancreatic islets during pretransplant culture

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pretransplant culture on the survival of pancreatic islet grafts, and to determine the biological characteristics of isolated islets during pretransplant culture. Methods: The survival of islets from Wistar rats, transplanted to diabetic C57BL/B6 mice, was compared between fresh islets and cultured islets. A comprehensive gene expression analysis was employed to investigate biological processes during pretransplant culture, and in vitro validation studies were performed. Results: Survival of cultured xenografts was significantly prolonged as compared to that of fresh islets (fresh: 12.5 ± 1.9 days, 1-day cultured: 16.0 ± 1.3 days (p= 0.017), 3-day cultured: 17.0 ± 2.6 days (p= 0.014)). Comprehensive gene expression analysis identified significant upregulation of annotated functions associated with inflammation in cultured groups. Six proinflammatory genes, including heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and IL-6, were significantly upregulated during culture. Validation studies revealed significantly higher levels of IL-6 in the supernatant of cultured islets and HO-1 in the cultured islets when compared with fresh islets. Conclusion: Transplantation of cultured islets induced significant but minimal prolongation of graft survival in xenogeneic combinations. Comprehensive analysis of gene expression in cultured islets showed biological processes associated with proinflammation during culture.