Balance and gait improved in patients with MS after physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept

Background and Purpose . Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) tend to have movement difficulties, and the effect of physiotherapy for this group of patients has been subjected to limited systematic research. In the present study physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept, applied to MS patients with balance and gait problems, was evaluated. The ability of different functional tests to demonstrate change was evaluated. Method . A single‐subject experimental study design with ABAA phases was used, and two patients with relapsing–remitting MS in stable phase were treated. Tests were performed 12 times, three at each phase: A (at baseline); B (during treatment); A (immediately after treatment); and A (after two months). The key feature of treatment was facilitation of postural activity and selective control of movement. Several performance and self‐report measures and interviews were used. Results . After intervention, improved balance was shown by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) in both patients, and improved quality of gait was indicated by the Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA). The patients also reported improved balance and gait function in the interviews and scored their condition as ‘much improved’. Gait parameters, recorded by an electronic walkway, changed, but differently in the two patients. Among the physical performance tests the BBS and the RVGA demonstrated the highest change, while no or minimal change was demonstrated by the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Conclusion . The findings indicate that balance and gait can be improved after physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept, but this should be further evaluated in larger controlled trials of patients with MS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The ability of the SCORE high-risk model to predict 10-year cardiovascular disease mortality in Norway.

AIMS: To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) project high-risk function in Norway. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 57 229 individuals screened in 1985-1992 from two population-based surveys in Norway (age groups 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 years). The data have been linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. The SCORE high-risk algorithm for the prediction of 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was applied, and the risk factors entered into the model were age, sex, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and smoking (yes/no). The number of expected events estimated by the SCORE model (E) was compared with the observed numbers (O). The SCORE low-risk algorithm was studied for comparison. In men, the observed number of CVD deaths was 718, compared with 1464 estimated by the SCORE high-risk function (O/E ratios 0.53, 0.53 and 0.45, for age groups 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69, respectively). In women, the observed and expected numbers were 226 and 547. The O/E ratios decreased with age (ratios 0.60, 0.45 and 0.37, respectively), i.e. the overestimation increased with age. The low-risk function predicted reasonably well for men (ratios 0.85, 0.92 and 0.79, respectively), whereas an overestimation was found for women aged 50-59 and 60-69 years (ratios 0.69 and 0.56, respectively). CONCLUSION: The SCORE high-risk model overestimated the number of CVD deaths in Norway. Before implementation in clinical practice, proper adjustments to national levels are required.     

Intravenous fate of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-based polyplexes

The objective of this study was to assess the in vivo fate of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDMAEMA)-based polyplexes after intravenous administration into mice. Circulation kinetics and tissue distribution in terms of plasmid localization and transfection efficiency were assessed. To gain more insight into the observed biodistribution and gene expression profile, the interaction of pDMAEMA-based polyplexes with blood components (erythrocytes and albumin) was investigated in vitro. In the case of i.v. injection of positively charged polyplexes at a dose of 30 microg DNA most of the radioactivity was found in the lungs and the liver 60 min after injection. In the case of pDMAEMA/DNA polyplexes with a negative charge, uptake occurred mainly by the liver. Administration of positively charged complexes at a 30 microg DNA dose resulted in reporter gene expression primarily in the lungs. Injection of negatively charged complexes and naked plasmid did not result in luciferase expression in any of the organs examined. In vitro turbidity experiments showed the induction of a charge dependent aggregation process upon addition of albumin to the polyplexes pointing out to the involvement of aggregate formation in the dominant lung uptake of the positively charged polyplexes. Also, incubations of polyplexes after pre-incubation with a physiological concentration of albumin with washed erythrocytes confirmed that polyplexes induce the formation of extremely large structures. This paper underlines the need for the design of systems with reduced interaction with blood components to promote the delivery of DNA to target tissues outside the lungs.     

Clinical symptoms and signs in sore throat patients with large colony variant β-haemolytic streptococci groups C or G versus group A

BACKGROUND: The role of large colony streptococci groups C or G as pathogen agents in sore throat has been questioned. AIM: To analyse clinical features of patients with large colony streptococci groups C or G compared with patients with group A streptococci (GAS) and with negative cultures. DESIGN OF STUDY: Prospective study of patients with sore throat. SETTING: Two Norwegian general practices in Stokke and Kongsberg communities with 6500 patients.METHOD: Frequency of clinical features in the three patient categories including the four Centor criteria (fever, anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, tonsillar exudates, and lack of cough), degree of pain on swallowing, pharyngeal rubor, C-reactive protein (CRP) values, patient age between 3 and 14 years, and duration of symptoms before seeing the doctor. A logistic regression analysis to find independent predictors was performed. RESULTS: Out of 306 patients with a sore throat, 244 were adults and 62 were children under 10 years old; 40% were men. One hundred and twenty-seven had GAS, 33 had streptococci groups C or G, and 146 had negative throat cultures. Forty-eight per cent of the GAS patients and 45% of the C or G patients met three or four of the Centor criteria. The logistic regression revealed that in patients with GAS considerable pain on swallowing, an age of 3-14 years and a duration of symptoms of < or =3 days or less were significantly associated with GAS infection in addition to the Centor criteria. The same results were found when all streptococci were analysed together, in addition elevated CRP was significant. In patients with streptococci group C or G an elevated CRP-value was significantly associated. CONCLUSION: Patients with tonsillitis caused by streptococcus groups C or G have, to a large extent, the same clinical picture as patients with GAS. Large colony streptococci groups C and G should be considered as throat pathogens in line with GAS.     

Fusimotor reflexes to antagonistic muscles simultaneously assessed by multi-afferent recordings from muscle spindle afferents

Several single agonist/antagonist primary muscle spindle afferents were simultaneously recorded in chloralose anaesthetized cats. It was shown that their dynamic and static sensitivity to sinusoidal muscle stretches could be increased or decreased via the fusimotor system by extension and flexion of the contralateral hind limb as well as by stretch of ipsilateral muscles and stimulation of ipsilateral skin nerves. The results seem to support the hypothesis that the primary muscle spindle afferents convey complex multisensory messages to the central nervous system (CNS).     

Intravenous Lidocaine Relieves Spinal Cord Injury Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury is a common challenging therapeutic condition. The current study examines the analgesic effect of the sodium channel blocker lidocaine on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury and the predictive role of concomitant evoked pain on pain relief with lidocaine.

Methods: Twenty-four spinal cord injury patients with neuropathic pain at or below the level of injury were randomized and completed a double-blind crossover trial of 5 mg/kg lidocaine and placebo infused over 30 min. Twelve patients reported evoked pain, and 12 patients had no evoked pain. Spontaneous and evoked pains were assessed using a visual analog scale and quantitative sensory testing.

Results: Lidocaine significantly reduced spontaneous pain in all patients (P < 0.01) and in each of the two groups with (P < 0.01) and without (P = 0.048) evoked pain, with no difference in number of responders (pain reduction >= 33%) between the patients with (n = 6) and without (n = 5) evoked pain. Lidocaine significantly relieved both at-level and below-level neuropathic pain and decreased brush-evoked dysesthesia but not cold allodynia, pinprick hyperalgesia, or pain evoked by repetitive pinprick.     

Economic appraisal of laser applications in health care. Report of a project

This article reports on the results of a project evaluating effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of laser applications in health care. The literature was collected, emphasizing well-designed clinical trials and cost-effectiveness analyses. Few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been done outside the specialty of ophthalmology. Even fewer cost-effectiveness studies have been done, despite the frequent claims of cost-effectiveness in the medical literature. Review papers were commissioned, and a group of laser experts, economists, and policy-analysts met for 2 days to discuss the policy implications of lasers. The main conclusion from the conference is that inappropriate and unskilled use of lasers is presently the greatest problem with their application in health care.     

Habitual physical activity and estradiol levels in women of reproductive age.

Variation in the risk of breast cancer observed among women and among populations may be explained by variation in lifetime exposure to estrogens. The suppressive effect of exercise on estradiol levels in women is well documented, but it is unknown whether habitual (i.e. typical daily) physical activity has a similar effect. Epidemiological data suggest that physical activity is one of the few modifiable factors capable of reducing the risk of breast cancer in women. We investigated whether variation in the amount of habitual activity corresponds to variation in estradiol levels in women of reproductive age. One hundred and thirty-nine regularly menstruating women 24-37 years of age collected daily saliva samples for one complete menstrual cycle and kept a daily log of physical activity. Saliva samples were analyzed for concentration of estradiol. We observed a negative relationship between habitual physical activity and salivary levels of estradiol. Mean estradiol was 21.1 pmol/l in the low, 17.9 pmol/l in the moderate and 16.6 pmol/l in the high activity group (all pairwise differences were statistically significant at P<0.009). A strong association exists between physical activity and levels of estradiol among women of reproductive age. A modern lifestyle, characterized by reduced physical activity, may therefore contribute to a rise in the levels of estradiol produced during menstrual cycles and thus to higher cumulative lifetime exposure to estradiol, resulting in a higher risk of breast cancer.     

Periosteal transplantation to the rabbit patella

Autologous periosteal transplantation (without chondrocyte cell transplantation) for treating traumatic articular cartilage defects of the patella gives pain relief in uncontrolled clinical studies. To study the whole transplanted area macroscopically and microscopically, animal studies are motivated. In this pilot study, we reproduce the surgical technique for periosteum transplantation on human patella to a rabbit model. A full-thickness cartilage defect of the whole patella was created in eight adult female rabbits. The defect was treated with autologous periosteal transplantation. After surgery, the rabbits were allowed free activity. This is the difference compared to the treatment in humans, where our group uses CPM for 5 days and non-weight-bearing for 12 weeks. After 21 weeks, there was a diffuse synovitis in all transplanted knees, and in five of eight knees there were signs of osteoarthritis in the patello-femoral joint. Histologically, in three animals, small islands of hyaline cartilage surrounded by fibrocartilage were seen in the transplanted area. In the other five animals, fibrocartilage was the predominant tissue. In contrast to previous experimental studies using a rabbit model, we did not achieve hyaline cartilage resurfacing.     

Experiences of pain and distress in hip fracture patients

The aims were to investigate: (1) experiences of physical pain in elderly patients with hip fracture; (2) if background variables, confusion, experiences of pain and distress and interventions aimed at reducing pain and distress, functional ability, pain in the ambulance, and type of fracture varied between patients with more intense physical pain and patients with less intense physical pain. The sample included 49 patients, 70 years or older, with hip fracture. Structured instruments were used to interview and observe the patients on four occasions during the hospital stay. The patients’ experiences of physical pain decreased during the hospital stay. Physical pain at rest was lower than pain with movement. Patients who scored physical pain as more intense (group B) during the visit to the hospital had significantly more unfavourable experiences in the sensory, emotional, and existential dimensions the day before discharge from the hospital compared with the patients who scored pain as less intense (group A). The patients in group B perceived the interventions as less favourable than group A. Furthermore, group B had more intense physical pain in the ambulance than the patients in the other group. More patients in group B than in group A had additional health problems.