The history of ideas of Nordic midwives’ excursions from the early 19th century to the millennium

The midwifery art has emphasised the uniqueness of human beings throughout its Nordic history. The educated Nordic midwife has in the last decade celebrated several hundred years of memories. This article studies how the key ideas of the midwifery art and patterns of ideas become evident in the zeitgeist from the beginning of the 19th century to the millennium in the Nordic countries. The legacy and pattern of ideas of the art of midwifery are interpreted in relation to the texts of the selected historical sources and based on Ricoeur's phenomenological-hermeneutic approach to the text and further to the dedication of understanding and interpretation. The historical sources refer to unprinted primary sources from historical archives and printed secondary and tertiary sources. The patterns of ideas include a tripartite whole: the true cultivation of the head, the philosophy and aesthetics of the hand, the strength of the heart and the drive of calling. These ideas open for unique visions and attest to the evident in modern midwives. Today's midwives have academic training with examinations, and the education is based on scientific evidence. The midwife profession is authorised by the state and supervised by the authorities.     

Psoriasis confined strictly to vitiligo areas – a Koebner‐like phenomenon?

Vitiligo and psoriasis are both common skin disorders. However, psoriasis strictly confined to pre-existing vitiligo areas is rare and suggests a causal relationship. We report here on two patients with a strict anatomical colocalization of vitiligo and psoriasis. The histopathological examinations showed typical changes for both diseases together with a dense infiltrate of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. By immunohistochemistry, intracytoplasmatic granzyme B and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were detected within the T-cell population, suggesting the functional activity of these cells and the creation of a local T helper 1 (Th1)-cytokine milieu. Additionally, in one patient we could identify anti-melanocytic T cells by tetramer staining and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) analysis. These skin-infiltrating lymphocytes might trigger, by the local production of Th-1 cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the eruption of psoriatic plaques in patients with a genetic predisposition for psoriasis.     

Computer Assisted Clinical Assessment

The number and range of computer-based assessment procedures for children and young people have increased greatly over the past few years. Over this time as well, other technological advances have occurred with a potential for application in services for young people. This paper provides an overview of the range of applications of relevance to practitioners, with a focus on assessment. Some of the benefits and disadvantages of computerised procedures for test administration and report writing are considered. The paper concludes with an examination of the issue of access to tests and some of the implications of the introduction of other new technologies.     

Localization of Apaf1 gene expression in the early development of the mouse by means of in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Apoptosis is an essential ubiquitous process that controls the duration of the life span of cells, thus playing a crucial role in morphogenetic, histogenetic, and phylogenetic developmental processes. Apaf1 (apoptosis protease activating factor 1) is one of the central mediators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and a part of the apoptosome, which activates procaspase-3 and promotes cell death. Gene knockout of Apaf1 in mice leads to late embryonic lethality with malformations such as the persistence of interdigital webs and hyperplasia of brain and retina. Therefore, Apaf1 is generally believed to play a crucial role in developmental apoptosis and have a widespread expression. However, its pattern of expression in early development remains unknown. To specify whether Apaf1 indeed plays this key role, we investigated the pattern of gene expression for Apaf1 in mouse embryos on day 7, 9, and 12 of development. Our results show, that gene expression for Apaf1 first occurs within the embryo between day 7 and 9 of development, becoming more widespread toward day 12 and then includes structures, such as yolk sac, mesenchyme, cartilage, heart anlage, otic vesicle, peridermis, and anlagen of the spinal ganglia and vertebral bodies. Our results also show that gene expression for Apaf1 is not ubiquitous in early mouse development. This finding indicates that cell death processes are independent of or less dependent on Apaf1 during this time. Of interest, an active gene expression for Apaf1 is also present in organ anlagen such as heart or intestine, in which no obvious phenotype is seen after Apaf1 deletion. This finding suggests a possible role for Apaf1 in such anlagen as a putative alternative compensatory pathway, which could be switched on in the case of defects in the mediators that are normally involved in such organs.