Increase of free and total testosterone during submaximal exercise in normal males

The serum levels of testosterone, free testosterone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured at rest, during 45 min of exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of the subjects' previously determined maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and during a 30-min recovery period. Ten healthy, untrained males were used as subjects. Mean serum testosterone levels increased significantly (P less than .05) over resting values at 15 min of exercise. Mean peak serum testosterone and free testosterone were significantly (P less than .01) increased during the exercise period as compared to resting values. No significant changes were measured for serum levels of LH, FSH, or prolactin during exercise. It appeared that bicycle exercise of moderate intensity significantly increased both free and total testosterone in untrained males.     

楚辞校勘文献概论

楚辞校勘文献是楚辞学文献的基础。楚辞校勘文献可分三类：一是善本,包括写本,刻本（影印本）、批校本等;二是校勘著述,包括专著、笔记、札记等;三是四部典籍所引之楚辞正文及王逸注文。兹对上述一、二类文献略加整理。     

Racial/ethnic variation in the reliability of DSM-IV pathological gambling disorder

Racial/ethnic disparities in mental disorders, including pathological gambling disorder (PGD), may be either real or artifacts of how they are conceptualized and measured. We aimed to assess racial/ethnic variation in the reliability of self-reported lifetime PGD determined by meeting > or = 5 criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Using community advertising, we recruited 15-85-year-old Caucasians (n = 225) and African (American/other minorities (n = 87), who had gambled more than 5 times lifetime), for 2 interviews, held 1 week apart, about gambling and associated behaviors. Results indicate substantial to almost-perfect DSM-IV PGD reliability for Caucasians (kappa = 0.82) and African Americans/other minorities (kappa = 0.68). Reliability for symptoms and for game-specific disorders was fair to almost perfect (kappa = 0.37-0.90). After adjusting results for confounding variables and multiple comparisons, racial/ethnic variation in PGD and game-specific reliability failed to persist. Implications exist for increased attention to screening and prevention efforts critical to reducing racial/ethnic disparities in PGD prevalence.     

Prevalence and predictors of pathological gambling: results from the St. Louis personality, health and lifestyle (SLPHL) study

OBJECTIVES: We report the prevalence of and risk and protective factors for DSM-IV sub-threshold gambling (1-4 criteria) and pathological gambling disorder (PGD; 5-10 criteria) in a non-clinical household sample of St. Louis area gamblers. METHODS: Of the 7689 individuals contacted via Random Digit Dialing, 3292 were screened eligible. Of these, 1142 from households in 6 contiguous regions in Missouri and Illinois consented to participate and were mailed a St. Louis Area Personality, Health, and Lifestyle (SLPHL) Survey. RESULTS: Post-stratification weighted data (n=913) indicate lifetime prevalence rates of 12.4% sub-threshold and 2.5% PGD (conditional prevalence=21.5% and 4.3% respectively). Risk and protective factors for gambling severity varied in the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted prevention messages are warranted specifically for gamblers of varying risk for PGD.     

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Transfusion transmission of HCV infection before anti-HCV testing of blood donations in England: results of the national HCV lookback program

BACKGROUND : An HCV lookback program started in England in 1995.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Data from all English blood centers were collated to describe the outcomes of the HCV lookback program in England and to create a retrospective cohort for study. Numbers of recipients identified, numbers that were tested, and numbers that were found to be HCV infected were summarized. The data set created was used to describe the outcomes of the lookback and the HCV infections detected.
RESULTS : A total of 4424 recipients of 9222 blood components made before donation testing for anti-HCV from the donations of 1286 donors found, on subsequent testing, to be anti-HCV positive or indeterminate were identified. Of these, 1351 blood recipients were reported as having been traced for testing. Fifty percent of tested recipients were found to be HCV infected. Factors positively associated with HCV infection in tested recipients were more recent year of transfusion and PCR positivity of the donor at the time of their testing.
CONCLUSION S: The majority of components entering lookback did not result in a tested recipient. However, this lookback has identified a large group of HCV- infected individuals. Follow-up of this group for disease progression will inform the natural history of HCV infection.     

Item Specification in the Development of a Diagnostic Gambling Instrument: A Focus Group Approach

Pathological Gambling Disorder (PGD) is internationally prevalent and contributes to significant disruption and impairment in a gambler’s life. For accurate diagnosis and treatment planning, clinicians require standardized criteria as in commonly used DSM and ICD-10 taxonomies, which are conceptually clear, valid, and culturally appropriate. We aimed to describe clinical issues, other than DSM criteria, that may be potentially clinically meaningful to PGD assessment and treatment planning. Participants from St. Louis, Missouri, USA, who self-identified as problem or pathological gamblers or who had a friend or relative with a gambling problem, as well as clinicians with addictions and PGD diagnostic expertise, participated in one of ten focus groups as part of a larger psychometric study aimed at developing and refining a structured, diagnostic gambling assessment tool, the Gambling Assessment Module (GAM^©). A content-driven immersion-crystallization qualitative approach yielded insight into gambling behaviors, terminology, and diagnostic issues. While complementary to existing diagnostic taxonomies, these findings provide additional item specification for in-depth clinical assessment.