Prevalence and geographic distribution of Hepatitis C Virus genotypes in Indian patient cohort

Viral hepatitis represents a major global health problem with 170 million Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) carriers worldwide, and 12–13 million HCV carriers in India. HCV genotypes are of clinical significance in indicating drug responsiveness and prognosis of the patient. The HCV genotypes are of epidemiologic significance as well, as they are indicative of transmission route of infection and have not been extensively studied in the Indian context. In the current study, HCV genotyping was examined in 2118 patients from different geographic regions of India. HCV was detected by PCR amplification of 5′ UTR and core-envelope1 regions, followed by genotyping using nucleotide sequencing and analysis with NCBI tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi). HCV genotype distribution in the 2118 Indian patients demonstrated prevalence of HCV3 (3a/3b primarily) in 62% and HCV1 (1a/1b primarily) in 31% patients. The predominance of HCV3 was significant in northern (p = 0.01) and eastern (p = 0.008) regions of India. HCV types 2, 4, 5, and 6 were detected in 0.05–4.5% of the patient group. Thus, our studies demonstrate HCV genotype prevalence in the cohort group in different regions of India.     

The whole leg radiograph

The whole leg radiograph (WLR), the standard technique for determining axial alignment, is usually taken in a standing position, although some prefer the supine position. To determine the difference between these two positions, we performed a standing and a supine WLR in 20 patients with a varus alignment. We found an average of 2 degrees more varus deviation in the standing position than in the supine position.     

Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in human lung tumors

In the present studies we have compared the levels of glutathione(GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in lung tumors and correspondingnormal tissues obtained from the same individuals. We have alsoimmunologically quantitated the relative amounts of glutathioneS-transferase (or GST-P) type antigen in tumors and adjacentnormal tissues from five patients. GST activities towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and ethacrynic acid were found to beelevated in tumors from two out of five patients (patients #1and 4), whereas the activity towards these substrates was markedlysuppressed in the tumor tissue from one of the patients (#5).Immunotitration and Western blot studies using antibodies raisedagainst -type GST isoenzymes of human lung and placenta indicatedinduction of GST -type isoenzyme in tumors from patients #1and 4 and suppression of this isoenzyme in tumor from patient#5. The tumors from patients #2 and 3 did not show any increasein GST activity or GST -type antigen. Except for the tumor frompatient #5, the GSH content was higher in the tumors from otherpatients. GSH reductase activity was found to be elevated intumors of all the patients examined in this study. These resultsindicate that GSH and GSH related enzymes are differentiallyaltered in lung tumors and GSH levels and GST - or GST-P-typeisoenzyme(s) are not uniformly elevated in all tumors.     

Dose-dependent effect of histamine on liver function markers in immunized rabbits

ObjectiveThe present study was designed to delineate the hepatotoxicological roles of histamine dose-dependently in immunized rabbits.MethodsThe cohort comprised of three groups (II, III and IV), containing 18 rabbits each, and received subcutaneous histamine 50 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg and 200 μg/kg, respectively for 10 days (b.i.d., starting from 3 days prior to immunization until 7 days after immunization). Group I (control, n = 18) received subcutaneous sterile distilled water for 10 days. They were subsequently immunized at day 3 with intravenous injection of SRBC (1 × 10⁹ cells/ml). Blood samples were collected on pre-immunization (pre-I) day 0, as well as on days 7-, 14-, 21-, 28- and 58-post-immunization (post-I). Biochemical parameters aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin [total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and indirect bilirubin (IB)] were determined.ResultsGroups II and IV revealed a significant decrease (on day 0-pre-I) and a significant increase (on days 7-, 14-, 21-, 28- and 58-post-I) in ALT and AST levels, when compared with the corresponding values of groups I and III while group II showed a significant increase in ALT and AST levels as compared to group IV. ALP levels in groups II, III and IV showed a significant enhancement when compared with group I. Moreover, results of TB, DB and IB demonstrated increased levels in group III when compared with groups I, II and IV. The results were found statistically significant (p < 0.05).ConclusionShort-term treatment of histamine produces dose-dependent differential patterns of hepatic dysfunctions suggestive mild liver degeneration warranting further long-term studies.