利用现代分子生物学技术深入研究大骨节病的分子发病机制

大骨节病(Kashin-BeckDisease,KBD)是一种地方性变形性骨关节病,目前我国有大骨节病患者81.18万人,10162.9万人口受威胁[1],主要分布在从东北到西南地带14个省市自治区的354县中。长期以来认为导致本病软骨内化骨障碍及继发性骨关节病的深层软骨细胞坏死是环境有害因素所致,曾提出粮食真菌污染及其毒素中毒、硒缺乏等多种环境病因假说[2]。然而至目前,大骨节病病因发病机制及其防治效果研究仍有许多关键问题亟待解决。因此,在既往取得的研究进展上,如何利用现代分子生物学技术深入研究大骨节病的分子发病机制,是探索大骨节病防治措施重要…     

护耳器的实际应用及其防护效果

目的 探索不同噪声环境下现场使用几种护耳器(hearing protection devices,HPD)的实际防护效果.方法 182名基础听力正常的接触噪声人员分别使用不同的HPD,其中接触噪声强度为85.1～89.3 dB(A)的调查对象分别使用硅橡胶耳塞(58人)和慢回弹耳塞(57人),接触噪声强度为93.6～104.1 dB(A)者使用耳罩(31人),接触噪声强度为92.4～104.3 dB(A)者使用复合HPD(耳塞+耳罩)(36人).对各组调查对象连续进行3年纯音听力监测,测试0.5～6.0 kHz6个频率的听阈值,比较3年间听力损失检出率和听阈偏移阳性率的差异.结果 各组连续3年轻度高频听力损失检出率分别为硅橡胶耳塞组0、1.79%、5.67%.慢回弹耳塞组0、1.85%、3.85%,耳罩组0、10.34%、27.59%,复合HPD组0、2.86%、8.82%,2个耳塞组之间听力损失检出率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).但耳罩组第3年轻度高频听力损失检出率明显高于复合HPD组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).各组均未检出中度及重度听力损失者,3年间听力损失检出率均没有随观察时间的延长而增加的趋势.各频率听阈中位数或听阈位移阳性率3年间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 HPD对接触噪声人群的听力有明显的保护作用,复合HPD能提供更有效的保护.HPD的使用可有效地遏制噪声性听力损失随接触年限的延长而增加的趋势.     

深圳市某金属制品企业职业病危害现状评价

目的 了解深圳市某金属制品企业的职业病危害现状, 为深圳市金属制品行业职业卫生管理提供科学依据。
方法 采用职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查和检查表分析法等方法进行分析评价。
结果 该企业的职业病危害因素包括化学毒物、粉尘、噪声、紫外辐射、手传振动和激光辐射。化学毒物、紫外辐射、手传振动和激光辐射的检测结果均符合国家标准。焊接岗位电焊烟尘检测合格率为76.9%。部分冲压、清洗、焊接和打磨岗位的噪声声级超标, 噪声检测合格率为48.9%。职业病防护设施方面, 打磨岗位和部分激光/机械手焊接岗位局部排风系统设计未达到要求。应急救援设施和措施方面, 化学品仓库未设置事故排风、报警或检测装置, 无冲淋洗眼设施, 未配备急救人员, 未定期组织职业病危害事故应急救援演练。总体布局、生产工艺及设备布局、辅助用室和职业卫生管理方面基本符合职业卫生有关规定。在岗期间职业健康检查率仅为5.9%, 冲压岗位6人高频听力下降。
结论 金属制品企业存在的主要职业病危害因素是电焊烟尘和噪声, 企业应加强相应的防护设施, 提供有效的个人防护用品, 开展职业健康监护, 提升企业的职业病防治能力和水平。
     

低硒、低碘及联合对亲代和子代大鼠骨、软骨生长的影响

Objective To study the effects of selenium deficiency,iodine deficiency and combined selenium and iodine deficiency on bone and cartilage growth in the parental and the first filial generation rats. Methods Forty-eight weanling healthy SD rats were randomly divided into selenium deficieney, iodine deficiency, combined selenium and iodine deficiency and control groups according to their body mass. These rats were fed with selenium deficiency, iodine deficiency, combined selenium and iodine deficiency, and normal fodder, respectively. The parental rats (about 3 months old) were mated in each group 8 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Right tibias and left knee joints were collected when the parental generation rats were about 6 months and the first filial generation rats were about 3 months old. Tibial length, mid-shaft tibial diameter, and articular cartilage diameters of the right tibias were measured by vernier caliper. Left knee joints were embedded and cut into sections and the thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in growth plate cartilage were observed under the light microscope. Results The selenium deficiency had significant effect on serum selenium level of the parental and the first filial generation rats(F value were 239.56,232.68, P< 0.01), and also on serum T4 level of the first filial generation rats(F value were 6.95, P < 0.05). The iodine deficiency had significant effect on serum T3 and T4 level in the two generations rats(F value were 14.11,14.05,30.29,34.53, P < 0.01 ). There were interactions between selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency on serum T4 level in the first filial generation rats (F= 5.99, P< 0.05). The serum selenium of selenium deficiency group[ (30.28 ± 6.34), (43.95 ± 9.75)μg/L],combined selenium and iodine deficiency group[ (30.33 ± 5.18), (35.40 ± 3.16)μg/L] were significantly lower than iodine deficiency group[(345.83 ± 29.55), (245.24 ± 9.95)μg/L] and the controls[ (358.64 ± 30.50), (236.50 ±9.75) μg/L] in the two generations. The serum T3 of combined selenium and iodine deficiency group [(0.55 ± 0.05 ),(0.88 ± 0.14)nmol/L] were significantly lower than the controls[(0.75 ± 0.08), (1.26 ± 0.26)nmol/L] in the two generations. The serum T4 of iodine deficiency [ (24.11 ± 2.29), (42.10 ± 8.92) nmol/L ] and combined selenium and iodine deficiency group[ (20.66 ± 1.93), (26.55 ± 5.98)nmol/L] were significantly lower than the controls[ (36.15 ±2.74), (52.79 ± 8.84)nmol/L] and selenium deficiency group[ (28.12 ± 3.33), (52.02 ± ll.99)nmol/L] in the two generations. The selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency had significant effect on tibial length, thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in first filial generation rats(F values were 24.31,6.98,40.76,56.15,25.24,82.82, 10.07,5.57, P <0.05 or <0.01). There were interactions between selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency on tibial length, thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes (F values were 5.68,24.86,41.82,9.12, P <0.05 or <0.01 ). The tibial length of the selenium deficiency group[ (33.17 ± 0.34)mm] and combined selenium and iodine deficiency group[ (31.30 ± 0.87)mm] were significantly lower than the controls[ (34.12 ± 0.32)mm, P< 0.05]. Thickness of the growth plate cartilage [ (1.60 ± 0.18)mm ], layers of proliferative chondrocyte (8.54 ± 0.81), and hypertrophic chondrocyte (4.95 ± 0.37)of the combined selenium and iodine deficiency group were significantly decreased when compared to the selenium deficiency group[ (3.03 ± 0.10)mm, 14.68 ± 0.84,6.60 ± 0.31], iodine deficiency group[ (2.90 ± 0.09)mm, 13.75 ±0.33,6.61 ± 0.84 ] and the controls [ (3.19 ± 0.09) mm, 14.94 ± 0.36, 6.64 ± 0.26, P <0.05]. Thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative chondrocyte of the iodine deficiency group were lower than the controls(P<0.05). Conclusions Selenium deficiency impair tibial growth in first filial generation rats, iodine deficiency retarded the chondroncyte proliferation and decreases the thickness of growth plate cartilage in first filial generation rats, and combined selenium and iodine deficiency significantly impair the growth of bone and cartilage in first filial generation rats.     

集成电路芯片行业职业病危害防护效果的调查

目的对集成电路芯片行业职业病危害特征和卫生防护效果进行调查,为防控职业病危害提供依据。方法通过卫生学调查、职业病危害因素监测和职业健康检查等方法确定其危险性,并评价其防护效果。结果该行业存在氨、氢氟酸、磷化氢等严重的职业病危害因素,工作场所各类职业病危害因素基本符合国家职业卫生标准,接触人员职业健康检查未发现职业病或疑似职业病。结论该行业属于职业病危害严重的企业,现行的职业病危害防护设施基本达到防护效果,需定期进行危险性评价和实行危险度的管理。     

镓盐对大鼠维甲酸致骨质疏松血清ALP和TRAP的影响

为观察镓盐对维甲酸致大鼠骨质疏松动物模型血中碱性磷酸酶 (AL P)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶 (TRAP)水平及其变化趋势 ,选用 3月龄 SD雌性大鼠 45只 ,随机分为两组 :正常组 (13只 )和骨质疏松组 (32只 ) ,骨质疏松组按 85 mg/ kg· d维甲酸灌胃 15天 ,然后进入治疗阶段。实验分为四组 :正常组 (6只 ) ,骨质疏松组 (6只 ) ,正常喂养 ;氯化镓治疗组 (9只 ) ,2 5 mg/ kg·d氯化镓灌胃 ;雌激素治疗组 (6只 ) ,雌激素 0 .2 μg/ kg,3次 /周 ,腹腔注射 ,治疗两个月。结果显示模型期骨质疏松组 AL P和 TRAP显著升高 ,镓盐治疗后 AL P和 TRAP降低 ,与正常组接近 ,提示镓盐能抑制破骨细胞活性 ,降低骨转化率。     

参与式培训预防工人工伤和肌肉骨骼系统疾病效果的随机对照研究

目的 研究参与式培训对预防工人工伤和肌肉骨骼系统疾病(MSD)的效果。 方法 随机选取30家企业1 825名工人,其中918名干预组工人接受参与式培训,907名对照组工人接受授课式培训,比较两组培训前1年、培训后1年男女工人工伤发生率和MSD发生率的变化,从而评估培训效果。 结果 培训后1年随访率为59.1%。干预组培训后的工伤发生率(5.0%)低于培训前的发生率(8.9%),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);培训后,干预组男性工人工伤发生率从11.3%降至5.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。女性工人工伤发生率在培训前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。培训1年后,干预组和对照组男女工人MSD发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 参与式培训比授课式培训能更有效地降低男性工人工伤发生率,但两种培训方式均不能有效降低MSD和女性工人工伤的发生率。     

吸烟与非吸烟者慢性牙周炎龈下福赛类杆菌的检测

目的：利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测吸烟与非吸烟者龈下福赛类杆菌（Bf）水平，通过Bf的检出率进一步探讨吸烟与牙周炎的关系。方法：健康者与慢性牙周炎伴吸烟与非吸烟患者共75例，用纸捻法提取每位观察者龈沟液，PCR检测。结果：慢性牙周炎组Bf检出率（59．5％）高于健康组（24．2％），具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；吸烟者慢性牙周炎组Bf检出率（72．0％）高于非吸烟者健康组、吸烟者健康组、非吸烟者慢性牙周炎组（15．8％、35．7％、41．2％），P〈0．05。结论；Bf与吸烟及慢性牙周炎有密切关系。     

低硒、低碘及联合对亲代和子代大鼠骨、软骨生长的影响

Objective To study the effects of selenium deficiency,iodine deficiency and combined selenium and iodine deficiency on bone and cartilage growth in the parental and the first filial generation rats. Methods Forty-eight weanling healthy SD rats were randomly divided into selenium deficieney, iodine deficiency, combined selenium and iodine deficiency and control groups according to their body mass. These rats were fed with selenium deficiency, iodine deficiency, combined selenium and iodine deficiency, and normal fodder, respectively. The parental rats (about 3 months old) were mated in each group 8 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Right tibias and left knee joints were collected when the parental generation rats were about 6 months and the first filial generation rats were about 3 months old. Tibial length, mid-shaft tibial diameter, and articular cartilage diameters of the right tibias were measured by vernier caliper. Left knee joints were embedded and cut into sections and the thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in growth plate cartilage were observed under the light microscope. Results The selenium deficiency had significant effect on serum selenium level of the parental and the first filial generation rats(F value were 239.56,232.68, P< 0.01), and also on serum T4 level of the first filial generation rats(F value were 6.95, P < 0.05). The iodine deficiency had significant effect on serum T3 and T4 level in the two generations rats(F value were 14.11,14.05,30.29,34.53, P < 0.01 ). There were interactions between selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency on serum T4 level in the first filial generation rats (F= 5.99, P< 0.05). The serum selenium of selenium deficiency group[ (30.28 ± 6.34), (43.95 ± 9.75)μg/L],combined selenium and iodine deficiency group[ (30.33 ± 5.18), (35.40 ± 3.16)μg/L] were significantly lower than iodine deficiency group[(345.83 ± 29.55), (245.24 ± 9.95)μg/L] and the controls[ (358.64 ± 30.50), (236.50 ±9.75) μg/L] in the two generations. The serum T3 of combined selenium and iodine deficiency group [(0.55 ± 0.05 ),(0.88 ± 0.14)nmol/L] were significantly lower than the controls[(0.75 ± 0.08), (1.26 ± 0.26)nmol/L] in the two generations. The serum T4 of iodine deficiency [ (24.11 ± 2.29), (42.10 ± 8.92) nmol/L ] and combined selenium and iodine deficiency group[ (20.66 ± 1.93), (26.55 ± 5.98)nmol/L] were significantly lower than the controls[ (36.15 ±2.74), (52.79 ± 8.84)nmol/L] and selenium deficiency group[ (28.12 ± 3.33), (52.02 ± ll.99)nmol/L] in the two generations. The selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency had significant effect on tibial length, thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in first filial generation rats(F values were 24.31,6.98,40.76,56.15,25.24,82.82, 10.07,5.57, P <0.05 or <0.01). There were interactions between selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency on tibial length, thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes (F values were 5.68,24.86,41.82,9.12, P <0.05 or <0.01 ). The tibial length of the selenium deficiency group[ (33.17 ± 0.34)mm] and combined selenium and iodine deficiency group[ (31.30 ± 0.87)mm] were significantly lower than the controls[ (34.12 ± 0.32)mm, P< 0.05]. Thickness of the growth plate cartilage [ (1.60 ± 0.18)mm ], layers of proliferative chondrocyte (8.54 ± 0.81), and hypertrophic chondrocyte (4.95 ± 0.37)of the combined selenium and iodine deficiency group were significantly decreased when compared to the selenium deficiency group[ (3.03 ± 0.10)mm, 14.68 ± 0.84,6.60 ± 0.31], iodine deficiency group[ (2.90 ± 0.09)mm, 13.75 ±0.33,6.61 ± 0.84 ] and the controls [ (3.19 ± 0.09) mm, 14.94 ± 0.36, 6.64 ± 0.26, P <0.05]. Thickness of the growth plate cartilage, layers of proliferative chondrocyte of the iodine deficiency group were lower than the controls(P<0.05). Conclusions Selenium deficiency impair tibial growth in first filial generation rats, iodine deficiency retarded the chondroncyte proliferation and decreases the thickness of growth plate cartilage in first filial generation rats, and combined selenium and iodine deficiency significantly impair the growth of bone and cartilage in first filial generation rats.     

危险废物综合处理行业职业病危害防护效果的调查

目的对危险废物综合处理行业职业病危害特征和卫生防护效果进行调查,为预防控制职业病危害提供依据。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查、工作场所职业病危害因素检测和职业健康检查等方法对3家危险废物综合处理中心进行调查,确定其危害,并评价其防护效果。结果该行业存在的职业病危害因素种类繁多,其中苯、氰化物、甲醛、CO、镉、铅烟、铅尘、硫化氢、金属汞和锰等属于高度危害的化学毒物,工作场所各类职业病危害因素浓度(强度)基本符合国家职业卫生标准,接触人员职业健康检查未发现职业病或疑似职业病。结论该行业属于职业病危害严重的企业,现行的职业病防护设施基本达到防护效果,对其进行建设项目职业病危害评价的关键在于职业病危害因素识别时对处理废物的准确分析,同时需定期进行风险评价和实施危险度管理。