Modeling in Frequency Domain Used for Assessment of In Vivo Dissolution Profile

Purpose. To present a model-dependent approach for the assessment of the in vivo drug dissolution profile based on in vitrodata for the multiple unit dosage form, as an alternative to the numerical method proposed in the study by Hayashi et al, Pharm. Res. 12:1333–1337 (1995). Methods. The data for aspirin granules administered to healthy subjects obtained in the above mentioned study were re-evaluated. The subject dissolution system was considered to consist of two subsystems connected in series, i.e. the subsystem describing the gastric-emptying process and the subsystem describing the intestinal dissolution process. The frequency response method was used to model the subject dissolution system. Results. The model in vivodissolution profile of aspirin, assessed as the integral of the model weighting function of the subject dissolution system, was in agreement with the in vivo cumulative absorption profile calculated by the Wagner-Nelson method. Conclusions. Comparison of dynamic properties of the subject dissolution system with the subsystem describing the gastric-emptying process yielded quantitative confirmation of the decisive role of the gastric-emptying process in the in vivodrug dissolution after administration in the multi unit dosage form.     

股骨干骨折--扩髓和不扩髓髓内钉比较

治疗股骨干骨折，采用不扩髓髓内钉比扩髓髓内钉手术时间明显缩短，而且失血也少。但是，扩髓钉的骨愈合更快，延迟愈合更少。两者都没有显著增加包括肺损害等其它并发症的风险。功能结果不能确定。     

Cytogenetic studies in polycythemia vera

A group of 54 patients with the original diagnosis of polycythemia vera were subjected to cytogenetic examination. Six (17.6%) of the 34 cases examined in the period of the advanced phase of the polycythemia vera had a chromosomal change. Thirteen (65%) of the 20 patients undergoing the cytogenetic examination in the period when the polycythemia vera turned into another myeloproliferative disease showed chromosomal aberration. This suggests a relationship between the number of chromosomal changes and the transformation of the disease. No connection between the cytogenetic changes and myelosuppressive cures could be confirmed in our material. The chromosomal change 20q- considered to be the most frequent kind in the polycythemia vera was not discovered until in patients with the polycythemia vera transformed into a different myeloproliferative disease.     

GustiloⅢB和ⅢC高能量胫骨骨折--截肢与保肢的比较

截肢和保肢患者长期的功能和心理结果相似。如果早期不截肢而采取保肢,就必须考虑到:二期截肢的风险(5%～14%)、潜在的并发症(保肢术通常更高)以及住院时间延长。由于胫骨骨折严重程度不同采取的治疗可能不同(G ustiloⅢC型比ⅢB型更可能截肢),这使得对比很困难,而且相关的队列研究文献很少。     

Lymphoproliferative disease after transplantation

Herein we describe 7 cases of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), 5 in men and 2 in women (aged from 25 to 62 years), occurring from 4 months to 12 years (mean, 7 years) after transplantation. Our patients were recipients of kidney, kidney and pancreas, heart, and autologous peripheral haematopoetic stem cells. Four cases were diagnosed as monomorphic and three as polymorphic type of PTLD according to the WHO classification. Monoclonal immunoglobuline heavy chain gene rearrangement was detected in two monomorphic lesions and one polymorphic lesion by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the two cases of polymorphic and the one case of monomorphic PTLD, the presence of EBV was visualised by immunohistochemical staining of some transformed lymphoid cells for latent membrane protein (LMP) of EBV. The presence of type A EBV was demonstrated by PCR. The patients were treated by reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppression and by chemotherapy. In 2 cases, a part of the organ affected by lymphoma (sigmoid colon and pancreas) was surgically resected. Four patients died of causes related to PTLD (2 to 15 months after the diagnosis), mainly of infectious complications. Two other patients who achieved remission died of unrelated causes. Only the youngest man is alive and in the complete remission 10 months after the diagnosis of PTLD.     

Alkaptonuria in the Trenčín District of Czechoslovakia

For several years the Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory at Martin, Czechoslovakia, has been studying alkaptonuria (AU) in the northern part of the District of Tren?ín in Slovakia. These affected individuals are part of a group of 103 alkaptonurics originated mostly in the mountainous parts of Slovakia. We report results of pedigree analyses; population and affected-family biochemical urine screening; estimation of inbreeding coefficient, of exogamy rate and of average marital distance and of calculation of the frequency of the AU allele, and of homozygotes and jeterozygotes in this portion of the Tren?ín District. Twelve homozygotes were found, but seven originated from a single hamlet in which a founder effect – genetic drift and inbreeding – are thought to account for the high prevalance of AU.     

Induction of biologically active antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies by immunization with human apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Translocation of intracellular components to the cell surface during the priming or apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is an important mechanism for interaction of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) with these antigens. To test the capacity of apoptotic PMN to trigger production of ANCA, six groups of mice were immunized with either live or apoptotic lymphocytes, or with live, apoptotic, formalin-fixed, or lysed PMN. Mice immunized with both live and apoptotic neutrophils developed high titers of antibodies which gave a granular cytoplasmic immunofluorescent pattern. These antibodies were specific for lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase. Following a second intravenous infusion of apoptotic PMNs, mice developed anti-PR3 antibodies. Vasculitis lesions were not found in mice which developed ANCA. The ANCA-containing IgG fraction induced superoxide production by human PMNs. These results support the hypothesis that neutrophil-specific antigens presented on the cell membranes of apoptotic PMN may induce ANCA in the proper conditions.     

A contribution to sonograph image quality estimation using point spread function

In medical sonography, sonograph image quality is an essential aspect for the safety of both patient and doctor. Its evaluation therefore requires an accurate and objective method for measurement. In this regard, a number of methods are in current use. Most of these are based on tissue mimicking phantom imaging. In contrast, we have used another principle based on Point Spread Function (PSF) analysis which is a product of the measuring system we have developed. In this case, the measured sonograph scans a small metallic ball target that moves in a water bath on a specified trajectory. The Region Of Interest (ROI) of the sonogram containing the ball target picture is digitised and the amplitude of the pixels analysed. The result is the PSF from which we calculate the lateral resolution (LR). For this purpose, we use our own original software. Using this method, we have to date been able to plot LR characteristics over the scanning plane. The method allows us to differentiate separate scanning lines and even multiple focal areas for dynamic focussing systems. It can detect malfunctions in dynamic focussing, size of aperture, time gain compensation function and/or transducer element failure. The procedure itself is not as easy or as fast to use as tissue mimicking phantoms or 3D signal to noise ratio evaluation, but it provides accurate and objective numeric parameters corresponding to the quality of image at any specified point over the whole scanning area. It is also a very powerful tool when used in combination with the other methods mentioned above.