Pharmacokinetics of aditoprim and trimethoprim in buffalo calves

Pharmacokinetic parameters of two antifolates, trimethoprim and aditoprim, were studied in buffalo calves. The elimination half-life of aditoprim (6.14 h) was nearly twice as long as that of trimethoprim (3.08 h) and compares well with values observed in heifers. This longer half-life of aditoprim is a result of its much larger distribution volume (four to five times larger) because the clearance of aditoprim was about twice as high as that of trimethoprim. The longer half-life of aditoprim is expected to give a longer duration of in vivo bacteriostatic activity than that of trimethoprim.     

Unusual bilateral renal histiocytosis. Extranodal variant of Rosai-Dorfman disease.

A 37-year-old Bangladeshi presented with large bilateral masses involving the hilus of the kidneys. No lymphadenopathy was noted. Nephrectomy was performed. Histopathologically, it revealed a lymphohistiocytic and plasma cell inflammatory tumoral proliferation with characteristic lymphophagocytosis by the S100-positive-CD1-negative histiocytes. Extranodal presentation of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of bilateral masses involving the kidneys.     

Deletion of a coordinate regulator of type 2 cytokine expression in mice

Mechanisms that underlie the patterning of cytokine expression in T helper (T(H)) cell subsets remain incompletely defined. An evolutionarily conserved approximately 400-bp noncoding sequence in the intergenic region between the genes Il4 and Il13, designated conserved noncoding sequence 1 (CNS-1), was deleted in mice. The capacity to develop T(H)2 cells was compromised in vitro and in vivo in the absence of CNS-1. Despite the profound effect in T cells, mast cells from CNS-1(-/-) mice maintained their capacity to produce interleukin 4. A T cell-specific element critical for the optimal expression of type 2 cytokines may represent the evolution of a regulatory sequence exploited by adaptive immunity.     

Community-Based Assessment of Knowledge,Attitude, Practices and Risk Factors Regarding COVID-19 Among Pakistanis Residents During a Recent Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Exceptional precautionary measures have been adopted to stop the transmission and control of COVID-19 through the world and Pakistan is facing lockdown in this scenario. Public loyalty to precautionary measures is affected by their knowledge, attitude, risk factors and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19. The present study was conducted among the Pakistani residents to observe the knowledge, attitude, practices and risk factors towards COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan. A questionnaire was designed, and a cross-sectional survey was conducted among participants of the study area. Participants were asked the questions regarding knowledge, attitude, practices and risk factors towards COVID-19. Data were analyzed by SPSS and t/F test and correlation was applied among the knowledge, attitude, risk factors and practices. A total of 1060 questionnaires were received. 1004 were included while 56 were excluded. The highest representation was from Punjab province (65.6%), female (63%) and age group of 21–30 years (62.1%). Most participants were single (85%), Muslim (99.4%), Urdu speaking (45.6%) and were graduates (51.5%). Most of the participants were students (52.9%) and were from economically middle-class families (40.8%). The knowledge was positively correlated with attitude and practices whereas negatively correlated with risk factors (P?<?0.05). The attitude was negatively correlated with risk factor and positively correlated with practices. The risk factors and practices were positively correlated with each other. Health education program to improve the COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, practices and risk factors should be initiated to combat current health challenge.

     

Persistence of effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: Comparisons on blood flow and plasma exudation in guinea pig skin

Plasma protein extravasation has been measured in guinea pig skin using

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-albumin and blood flow using

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enon (

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e) clearance. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors N^G-nitro-

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-arginine methyl ester (

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-NAME), N^G-monomethyl-

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-arginine (l

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NMMA) and N^G-nitro-

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-arginine (

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-NOArg) and the α-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, inhibited bradykinin induced plasma protein extravasation when co-injected with the peptide. The inhibitory effects of

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-NAME and

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-NOArg lasted for up to 8 and 4 h, respectively, whereas phenylephrine and

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-NMMA had no persistent inhibitory effects. When co-injected with

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e,

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-NAME,

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-NMMA,

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-NOArg and phenylephrine, but not

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-NAME, produced significant reductions in skin blood flow. When injected prior to

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e,

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-NAME and

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-NOArg, but not phenylephrine or

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-NMMA, significantly reduced flow. The effect of

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-NAME on flow was not significant at 8 h. Thus, although the inhibitory effects of the NO synthase inhibitors on mediator induced plasma protein extravasation show correlations with their effects on blood flow, the persistent effect of

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-NAME on exudation appears to extend beyond its effect on flow.     

Is preoperative donation of autologous blood rational for radical retropubic prostatectomy?

PURPOSE: We investigated differences in the rate of homologous blood transfusion and the degree of anemia to determine whether it is rational to have patients donate autologous blood before radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 221 consecutive men who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy performed by 1 surgeon in a 14-month period. About half of the patients donated autologous blood preoperatively. We evaluated perioperative hemoglobin, and the rate of autologous and homologous transfusion. RESULTS: The groups did not significantly differ in terms of demographic data, co-morbid conditions, clinical variables or hospitalization. Preoperatively mean hemoglobin plus or minus standard deviation was 13.4 +/- 1 and 14.7 +/- 1 gm./dl. in patients who did and did not donate blood, while homologous transfusion was required in 1 (1%) and 4 (3.5%), respectively (p = 0. 18). At hospital discharge anemia was more prevalent in nondonors. Of the men who did versus did not donate blood hemoglobin was less than 10 and less than 9 gm./dl. in 8.4% versus 34% (p <0.0001), and 12.5% versus 0% (p <0.0004), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective review of a cohort of patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy showed no difference in homologous blood transfusion based on preoperative autologous donation status. Autologous donors had lower hemoglobin preoperatively, a higher rate of transfused units and higher hemoglobin at hospital discharge. Preoperative donation of autologous blood may not decrease the need for homologous transfusion in healthy patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy.