Confidentiality Discussions and Private Time With a Health-Care Provider for Youth,United States, 2016

Purpose

The objective of the study was to define factors associated with adolescent and young adult (AYA) experiences with private time and having discussed confidentiality and the impact of these experiences on improving delivery of clinical preventive services.

Gastric schwannoma. A case diagnosed by puncture biopsy]

One case of schwannoma of the stomach diagnosed with ultrasound-guided biopsy puncture is reported. This diagnosis is usually not established with radiographic and endoscopic examinations. A preoperative diagnosis allows partly predicting the type of exeresis to be performed. On the other hand, guided biopsy puncture seldom allows establishing a prognosis, for which the criteria are based on the analysis of the whole tumor and the possible discovery of synchronous or metachronous metastases.     

Schedule-dependent antitumor and toxic effects of thymidine and 5-fluorouracil in AKR and L1210 leukemias

Summary The effect of thymidine (dThd) on 5-fluorouracil (FUra) toxicity to both leukemia stem cells (LCFU) and hematopoietic stem cells (NCFU) was examined. A dose of 10 mg/mouse of dThd given within 1 h before FUra enhanced FUra cytotoxicity to NCFU by a factor of about 4. This effect was also reflected in the reduction of the LD₁₀. The dose-survival curve of FUra in AKR leukemia was modified by the prior administration of dThd 10 mg/mouse: the cytotoxic effect of FUra was enhanced by a factor of between 100 and 1000 throughout the dose range studied. These findings were reflected in the ILS studies. When given by high dose infusion dThd had only a slight antitumor effect on AKR leukemia, and no effect on L1210. When large doses of dThd were infused concomitantly with FUra they ptoentiated its cytotoxicity against NCFU, AKR LCFU, and L1210 LCFU in a dose-dependent manner and by a maximum factor of about 70.This investigation was supported by PHS grant no CA-34144 awarded by the National Cancer Institute, DHSS     

Multi-Nutrient Fortified Dairy-Based Drink Reduces Anaemia without Observed Adverse Effects on Gut Microbiota in Anaemic Malnourished Nigerian Toddlers: A Randomised Dose–Response Study

Prevalence of anaemia among Nigerian toddlers is reported to be high, and may cause significant morbidity, affects brain development and function, and results in weakness and fatigue. Although, iron fortification can reduce anaemia, yet the effect on gut microbiota is unclear. This open-label randomised study in anaemic malnourished Nigerian toddlers aimed to decrease anaemia without affecting pathogenic gut bacteria using a multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink. The test product was provided daily in different amounts (200, 400 or 600 mL, supplying 2.24, 4.48 and 6.72 mg of elemental iron, respectively) for 6 months. Haemoglobin, ferritin, and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured to determine anaemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) prevalence. Faecal samples were collected to analyse gut microbiota composition. All three dosages reduced anaemia prevalence, to 47%, 27% and 18%, respectively. ID and IDA prevalence was low and did not significantly decrease over time. Regarding gut microbiota, Enterobacteriaceae decreased over time without differences between groups, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and pathogenic E. coli were not affected. In conclusion, the multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink reduced anaemia in a dose-dependent way, without stimulating intestinal potential pathogenic bacteria, and thus appears to be safe and effective in treating anaemia in Nigerian toddlers.     

Sexually transmitted diseases, unintended pregnancy, and adolescent health promotion

Adolescence is a critical period in the development of sexual behaviors that may lead to acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and to unintended pregnancy. Understanding adolescent sexual behavior is essential for understanding adolescents' risk of pregnancy and STD/HIV infection and for planning and evaluating health promotion activities. This chapter reviews the sexual behaviors and psychosocial factors associated with STDs and unintended pregnancy among adolescents as well as school-, community-, and clinic-based interventions designed to reduce risk behaviors and promote adolescent sexual health.     

Initiation of sexual intercourse among middle school adolescents: the influence of psychosocial factors.

PURPOSE: To explore potential psychosocial predictors for initiation of sexual intercourse among middle-school, inner-city youth, using longitudinal data from the Healthy and Alive! project. METHODS: We conducted hierarchical, logistic regression with adjustment for intraclass correlation over two sequential periods, including seventh and eighth grades (N = 3163), to assess the independent influence of psychosocial and demographic factors. Internally reliable scales to assess psychosocial influences were created, based on major theories of behavior. The sample was 52% female, 51% black, 30% Hispanic, 9% white, and 3% Asian. At baseline, 13% of girls and 39% of boys reported already having initiated sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Personal and perceived peer norms about refraining from sex were a strong and consistent protective factor. Alcohol and other drug use, poor academic performance, male gender, and black race were consistent risk factors. Self-efficacy showed a mixed effect: protective in the seventh grade but increasing risk in the eighth grade. Speaking a language other than English was a protective factor in seventh grade. Both psychosocial and demographic factors provided independent explanatory power. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial factors, particularly norms about having sex, influence initiation of sexual intercourse. These data suggest that programs to delay initiation of sexual intercourse should reinforce norms about refraining from sex.     

Generalizability of machine learning for classification of schizophrenia based on resting‐state functional MRI data

Machine learning has increasingly been applied to classification of schizophrenia in neuroimaging research. However, direct replication studies and studies seeking to investigate generalizability are scarce. To address these issues, we assessed within‐site and between‐site generalizability of a machine learning classification framework which achieved excellent performance in a previous study using two independent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets collected from different sites and scanners. We established within‐site generalizability of the classification framework in the main data set using cross‐validation. Then, we trained a model in the main data set and investigated between‐site generalization in the validated data set using external validation. Finally, recognizing the poor between‐site generalization performance, we updated the unsupervised algorithm to investigate if transfer learning using additional unlabeled data were able to improve between‐site classification performance. Cross‐validation showed that the published classification procedure achieved an accuracy of 0.73 using majority voting across all selected components. External validation found a classification accuracy of 0.55 (not significant) and 0.70 (significant) using the direct and transfer learning procedures, respectively. The failure of direct generalization from one site to another demonstrates the limitation of within‐site cross‐validation and points toward the need to incorporate efforts to facilitate application of machine learning across multiple data sets. The improvement in performance with transfer learning highlights the importance of taking into account the properties of data when constructing predictive models across samples and sites. Our findings suggest that machine learning classification result based on a single study should be interpreted cautiously.